Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics and Asprosin Levels in Diabetic Patients by Categories of Albuminuria
| Characteristics | T2DM with Normoalbuminuria (n = 107) | T2DM with Microalbuminuria (n = 80) | T2DM with Macroalbuminuria (n = 20) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 60.15 ± 10.56 | 62.96 ± 10.87 | 63.40 ± 10.51 | 0.149 |
| Sex, male (%) | 63(58.9%) | 47(58.8%) | 10(50.0%) | 0.749 |
| DM duration, mouth | 96.00(12.00–120.00) | 120.00(51.00–213.00) * | 150.00(21.75, 240.00) * | 0.006 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 29(27.1%) | 22(27.5%) | 2(10.0%) | 0.242 |
| BMI | 24.22 ± 3.45 | 24.93 ± 3.43 | 25.81 ± 2.84 * | 0.025 |
| WHR | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.05 | 0.065 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 129.21 ± 13.33 | 138.18 ± 16.36 * | 146.35 ± 17.22 *† | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77.88 ± 7.28 | 82.21 ± 9.11 * | 82.85 ± 8.73 * | 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 57(53.3%) | 59(72.5%) * | 19(95%) *† | <0.001 |
| ACEI or ARB use | 29(27.0%) | 22(27.5%) | 10(50.0%) *† | 0.001 |
| Statins use | 34(31.8%) | 21(26.3%) | 5(25.0%) | 0.654 |
| Only diet and exercise | 6(5.6%) | 3(3.8%) | – | 0.557 |
| Insulin | 67(62.6%) | 57(71.3%) | 15(75%) | 0.339 |
| Oral agents | 78 (72.9%) | 58(72.5%) | 11(55%) | 0.251 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.73 ± 1.88 | 9.02 ± 2.05 | 8.65 ± 1.80 | 0.541 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 9.09 ± 3.50 | 10.17 ± 3.77 | 9.31 ± 2.62 | 0.119 |
| 2hPG(mmol/L) | 16.91 ± 5.34 | 18.34 ± 5.95 * | 15.18 ± 4.27 † | 0.044 |
| FIns (µIU/mL) | 6.71(4.18–12.26) | 9.26(4.55–15.55) | 10.14(7.85–11.67) | 0.190 |
| FC-P (ng/mL) | 1.60(1.10–2.10) | 1.81(1.24–2.37) | 1.82(1.23–2.42) | 0.111 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.87(1.53–4.55) | 3.47(2.07–6.46) | 3.82(2.51–5.39) | 0.068 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 270.46 ± 77.16 | 296.18 ± 94.38 | 343.50 ± 83.58 * | 0.002 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.53 ± 1.05 | 4.72 ± 1.12 | 4.95 ± 1.13 | 0.336 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.38(0.98–1.88) | 1.59(1.15–2.11) | 2.14(1.38–2.84) *† | 0.006 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.01(0.83–1.33) | 0.99(0.87–1.25) | 0.90(0.82–1.04) | 0.158 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.45 ± 0.78 | 2.57 ± 0.90 | 2.61 ± 0.86 | 0.539 |
| Apoprotein A (g/L) | 1.18 ± 0.28 | 1.14 ± 0.23 | 1.14 ± 0.18 | 0.506 |
| Apoprotein B (g/L) | 0.92 ± 0.25 | 0.96 ± 0.34 | 1.11 ± 0.42* | 0.049 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 59.90(49.60–69.00) | 66.90(54.28–80.08) | 79.35(61.60–102.13) *† | 0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.33(4.45–6.22) | 5.85(4.73–7.05) * | 6.76(5.03–8.48) *† | 0.003 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 14.50(8.45–20.78) | 56.91(36.75–90.80) * | 655.82(389.03–1460.65) *† | <0.001 |
| eGFR(mL/[min1.73m2]) | 116.44 ± 34.39 | 105.10 ± 35.80 * | 84.36 ± 34.16 *† | <0.001 |
| Asprosin (ng/mL) | 1.59(1.18–2.09) | 2.10(1.60–2.90) * | 2.37(1.63–3.57) * | <0.001 |
Notes: Data are presented as means ± SD or medians (inter-quantile range (IQR)) for continuous variables and number (percentages) for categorical variables. *Significant P ≤0.05 vs group of T2DM with normoalbuminuria. †Significant P ≤0.05 vs group of T2DM with microalbuminuria.
Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose; Fins, fasting plasma insulin; FC-P, fasting C peptide; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin c; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.