Table 2. Cluster analysis based on the accumulation type of adipose tissue.
| NAT group | SAT group | VAT group | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 25 | N = 27 | N = 52 | P value | ||
| Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney U | median (min–max) | NAT vs SAT | |||
| or Fisher’s exact tests | or n (%) | vs VAT | SAT vs VAT | ||
| Age, years | 49 (33–71) | 57 (39–74) | 64 (33–82) | 0.001* | 0.025* |
| Gender | |||||
| Males | 18 (72.0) | 20 (74.1) | 45 (86.5) | 0.225 | 0.217 |
| Females | 7 (28.0) | 7 (25.9) | 7 (13.5) | ||
| Gastroesophageal varices | 6 / 5 / 11 / 3 | 4 / 6 / 10 / 4 | 8 / 9 / 27 / 8 | 0.930 | 0.785 |
| (F0 / F1 / F2 / F3 or rupture) | |||||
| Ascites | 10 / 7 / 8 | 16 / 4 / 7 | 33 / 12 / 7 | 0.190 | 0.372 |
| (None / mild / moderate to severe) | |||||
| Overt hepatic encephalopathy | 0 (0.0) | 3 (11.1) | 2 (3.8) | 0.225 | 0.331 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 3 (3–6) | 4 (4–7) | 4 (4–7) | 0.656 | 0.553 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 21.9 (16.0–29.2) | 26.1 (20.3–40.6) | 23.6 (15.6–32.8) | <0.001* | 0.005* |
| Skeletal muscle mass index, cm2/m2 | 42.4 (28.0–65.3) | 44.4 (23.1–59.6) | 43.6 (21.5–71.9) | 0.564 | 0.549 |
| SAT index, cm2/m2 | 20.4 (1.8–33.4) | 52.3 (31.8–135.3) | 35.9 (16.7–80.5) | <0.001* | <0.001* |
| VAT index, cm2/m2 | 15.0 (3.3–38.3) | 36.1 (14.5–101.6) | 48.9 (28.1–125.0) | <0.001* | 0.002* |
| TAT index, cm2/m2 | 39.9 (5.0–54.8) | 86.6 (58.4–236.9) | 83.5 (56.0–205.5) | <0.001* | 0.352 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 65 (17–301) | 51 (18–538) | 43 (15–326) | 0.284 | 0.570 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 32 (14–59) | 33 (12–576) | 28 (10–83) | 0.540 | 0.466 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.4 (1.5–4.4) | 3.1 (1.7–4.5) | 3.1 (1.7–4.9) | 0.390 | 0.185 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 2.1 (0.5–27.1) | 2.3 (0.6–23.4) | 1.3 (0.5–8.2) | 0.013* | 0.006* |
| Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, U/L | 86 (19–1167) | 70 (15–729) | 154 (15–923) | 0.035* | 0.015* |
| Cholinesterase, U/L | 123 (39–269) | 124 (30–275) | 118 (39–359) | 0.935 | 0.636 |
| Prothrombin time, % | 64 (22–110) | 48 (17–89) | 72 (35–108) | 0.003* | 0.001* |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 192 (46–482) | 163 (43–348) | 220 (74–581) | 0.011* | 0.002* |
| Ammonia, μg/dL | 86 (39–150) | 116 (32–311) | 87 (25–261) | 0.284 | 0.160 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.61 (0.40–2.02) | 0.70 (0.36–2.95) | 0.83 (0.42–2.80) | 0.010* | 0.118 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 11 (3–47) | 13 (4–84) | 14 (4–55) | 0.060 | 0.776 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 93.8 (23.7–159.0) | 87.6 (14.0–142.6) | 71.5 (18.7–143.7) | 0.016* | 0.235 |
| White blood cell count, x103/μL | 4.5 (2.7–18.9) | 6.4 (2.6–39.9) | 5.3 (2.5–29.0) | 0.327 | 0.235 |
| Platelet count, x104/μL | 9.9 (3.7–18.4) | 6.8 (3.3–31.8) | 9.8 (4.4–23.0) | 0.079 | 0.025* |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 0.24 (0.01–16.27) | 0.33 (0.01–11.05) | 0.29 (0.03–17.47) | 0.726 | 0.679 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 4.8 (3.2–7.0) | 5.3 (3.6–8.6) | 5.4 (4.1–9.4) | 0.038* | 0.813 |
| Post definitive therapy for HCC | 1 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (5.8) | 0.676 | 0.547 |
| Child-Pugh score | 8 (5–13) | 9 (5–13) | 7 (5–13) | 0.083 | 0.038* |
| ALBI score | -1.74(-3.03–0.30) | -1.57 (-2.91–0.22) | -1.72 (-3.32- -0.32) | 0.186 | 0.051 |
| 5-year incidence rate of HCC | 19.3 | 37.5 | 40.1 | 0.246 | 0.462 |
| 5-year survival rate | 67.1 | 21.2 | 65.3 | <0.001* | <0.001* |
| Fatal cases | 6 (24.0) | 14 (51.9) | 10 (19.2) | 0.012* | 0.004* |
| Cause of death | 0.039* | 0.010* | |||
| Liver failure, all (acute on chronic) | 3 (0) | 4 (1) | 3 (0) | ||
| Malignancy, all organs (HCC) | 1 (0) | 2 (1) | 1 (0) | ||
| Bleeding, all (variceal, muscle hematoma, others) | 2 (2,0,0) | 8 (2,4,2) | 0 (0,0,0) | ||
| General infection | 0 | 0 | 3 | ||
| Others / Unspecified | 0 | 0 | 3 | ||
SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; TAT, total adipose tissue; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; ALBI, albumin-bilirubin
*:P value < 0.05.