Table 2.

Summary of the effects of mechanical stretch on histone modifications and cell phenotype

Stretch Parameters	Epigenetic modification	Cell type	Function	Ref.
static uniaxial 20% strain	Decrease HDAC activity	MSCs	Promote histone acetylation	[32]
static biaxial 10-15% strain	HDAC11, AcH3K14	OPC	Promoted OPC differentiation	[33]
static uniaxial 10-33% strain	Histone H3P	Epithelial cell	Promoted cell proliferation	[34]
0.5Hz, biaxial 10% strain	HDAC1, H3Ac	BMSC	Promoted BMSC differentiation into osteoblasts	[35]
1Hz, biaxial 10% strain	miR-365 downregulated HDAC4	rBMSC	Promoted chondrogenesis, upregulated ANCN and Sox9 expression	[36]
0.5Hz, biaxial 10% strain	miR-365 reduced HDAC4	Human Chondrocyte	Cartilage degeneration, downregulated ACAN	[37]
0.5Hz, biaxial 5% strain	Histone 3 dephosphorylation	hASC	Impaired adipogenic differentiation of hASC	[38]
0.5Hz, biaxial 10% strain	Dnmt3b, DNA demethylation	mBMSC	Promoted osteoblastogenesis	[39]
1Hz, biaxial 2.5-15% strain	DNA demethylation	hAT-MSC	GNAS CpG demethylation	[40]
0.5Hz, biaxial 10% strain	KDM4B, H3K9me3	MSC	Promoted MSC differentiation into fibroblasts	[41]
0.1Hz, biaxial 10% strain	Switched H3K9me2,3 to H3K27me3	EPC	Repressed EPC differentiation and downregulated gene expression	[42]

MSC: Mesenchymal stem cells; OPC: Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; hAT-MSC: Human adipose tissue multipotential stromal cell; BMSC: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells/Bone marrow stromal cell; EPC: Epidermal progenitor cells; hAC: Human articular chondrocyte; hASC: Human adipose-derived stem cells.