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In TLIF51 groups, patients underwent mini-open surgery with a unilateral single cage and posterior pedicle screw fixation (A and B). In OLIF51 group, patients underwent minimally invasive surgery with a cage through a retroperitoneal approach at the left corridor via tubular retractor. And the percutaneous pedicle screw and rod system was used (C and D). TLIF51 : transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion at the L5–S1 level, OLIF51 : oblique lateral interbody fusion at the L5–S1 level.
