Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by sleep duration (n = 14,485)a
| Characteristics | Sleep duration per day | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <5 h | 5–8 h | ≥8 h | ||
| Number | 621 | 8667 | 5197 | |
| Age (years) | 64.8 ± 7.4 | 63.6 ± 7.3 | 65.6 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
| Male, No. (%) | 187 (30.1) | 3402 (39.3) | 2240 (43.1) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 4.0 | 25.0 ± 3.7 | 24.9 ± 3.9 | 0.020 |
| Enalapril–folic acid group, n (%) | 304 (49.0) | 4320 (49.8) | 2590 (49.8) | 0.910 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 95 (15.3) | 1838 (21.3) | 1116 (21.5) | 0.002 |
| Current alcohol drinker, n (%) | 97 (16.2) | 1913 (22.8) | 1195 (24.0) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133.9 ± 17.7 | 135.2 ± 17.2 | 135.8 ± 17.6 | 0.022 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.3 ± 10.8 | 82.2 ± 10.9 | 81.4 ± 10.8 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 76.8 ± 11.5 | 76.6 ± 11.1 | 77.2 ± 11.7 | 0.023 |
| baPWV (cm/s) | 1733.1 ± 358.1 | 1704.9 ± 330.4 | 1764.3 ± 351.1 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Low | 307 (49.4) | 3676 (42.4) | 2433 (46.9) | |
| Moderate | 210 (33.8) | 3707 (42.8) | 2130 (41.0) | |
| High | 104 (16.7) | 1277 (14.7) | 630 (12.1) | |
| Sleep quality, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Good | 56 (9.0) | 3076 (35.5) | 3174 (61.1) | |
| Medium | 130 (20.9) | 4747 (54.8) | 1806 (34.8) | |
| Poor | 435 (70.0) | 844 (9.7) | 217 (4.2) | |
| Laboratory results | ||||
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 67.9 ± 23.9 | 67.9 ± 23.7 | 70.1 ± 31.6 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.3 ± 2.3 | 6.2 ± 1.9 | 6.3 ± 2.1 | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.4 ± 1.2 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 0.654 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.33 ± 0.33 | 1.28 ± 0.31 | 1.27 ± 0.32 | <0.001 |
| Total homocysteine (μmol/L) | 13.2 ± 5.0 | 13.2 ± 6.5 | 14.0 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
baPWV brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
aVariables are presented as mean ± SD or n (%)