Table 2.
Characteristics of participants by sleeping quality (n = 14,485)a
| Characteristics | Sleep quality | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good | Medium | Poor | ||
| Number | 6306 | 6683 | 1496 | |
| Age (years) | 64.6 ± 7.4 | 64.2 ± 7.3 | 63.9 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
| Male, No. (%) | 2993 (47.5) | 2448 (36.6) | 388 (25.9) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 3.8 | 24.9 ± 3.8 | 24.7 ± 3.8 | 0.014 |
| Enalapril–folic acid group, n (%) | 3146 (49.9) | 3325 (49.8) | 743 (49.7) | 0.982 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 1496 (23.8) | 1333 (20.0) | 220 (14.7) | <0.001 |
| Current alcohol drinker, n (%) | 1594 (26.6) | 1383 (21.3) | 228 (15.6) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135.4 ± 17.5 | 135.4 ± 17.2 | 135.0 ± 17.3 | 0.677 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.8 ± 10.9 | 81.9 ± 10.8 | 82.1 ± 11.0 | 0.713 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 76.5 ± 11.4 | 77.0 ± 11.3 | 77.6 ± 11.5 | <0.001 |
| baPWV (cm/s) | 1728.2 ± 342.7 | 1724.7 ± 337.3 | 1736.7 ± 343.7 | 0.453 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Low | 2961 (47.0) | 2749 (41.2) | 706 (47.2) | |
| Moderate | 2445 (38.8) | 3067 (45.9) | 535 (35.8) | |
| High | 895 (14.2) | 862 (12.9) | 254 (17.0) | |
| Sleep duration, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <5 h | 56 (0.9) | 130 (1.9) | 435 (29.1) | |
| 5–8 h | 3076 (48.8) | 4747 (71.0) | 844 (56.4) | |
| ≥8 h | 3174 (50.3) | 1806 (27.0) | 217 (14.5) | |
| Laboratory results | ||||
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 70.5 ± 31.7 | 67.6 ± 23.1 | 66.1 ± 18.1 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.3 ± 2.0 | 6.2 ± 2.0 | 6.3 ± 2.0 | 0.595 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 5.5 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.3 | 0.896 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.27 ± 0.31 | 1.28 ± 0.31 | 1.31 ± 0.32 | <0.001 |
| Total homocysteine (μmol/L) | 13.9 ± 7.9 | 13.3 ± 6.7 | 12.9 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
baPWV brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
aVariables are presented as mean ± SD or n (%)