Fig. 3.

The effect of zaragozic acid A on the tolerance of A. muciniphila against bile extracts and bile salts mixture. A. muciniphila was cultured in medium containing 0.1% ox-bile, bile salts mixture, and bile porcine supplemented with or without zaragozic acid A. After incubation at 37 °C for 48 h, the optical density was measured (OD₆₀₀). These experiments were performed in triplicate (n = 3). Control means no treatment with bile acids. ⁺Treatment with zaragozic acid A (final concentration 15 μM) *Paired t test, p < 0.05