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. 2020 Nov 4;11:584997. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.584997

Figure 3.

Figure 3

An overview of the major hormone signaling pathways involved in defense responses to Verticillium spp. Components of major hormone signaling pathways at play during Verticillium spp. infection of host plants. Major phytohormone pathways including SA, JA, ET, and BR are affected during the progression of Verticillium wilt. Verticillium dahliae is a hemibiotrophic pathogen that has an initial biotrophic phase (shown in green), following host colonization and death, the pathogen exhibits a necrotrophic lifestyle (shown in orange). SA responses play a major role during the biotrophic phase while JA/ET-mediated defenses are largely active later during the switch to necrotrophic phase. Gray lines with arrowheads represent positive regulation, while blue lines with a black head represent negative regulation. Host genetic components involved in negative regulations are shown in blue. Verticillium spp. factors that influence phytohormone pathways directly in the host are shown in red. Components involving studies on PROTEIN are in plain CAPS while those involving GENE are ITALICIZED. TFs, Transcription factors; SA, SALICYLIC ACID; PAL1, PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE 1; PAL2, PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE 2; NPR1, NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES 1; SID2, SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2; EDS1, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1; EDS5, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 5; PAD4, PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4; NDR1, NON RACE-SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1; ALAD, 5-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID DEHYDRATASE; GSTF9, GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE PHI 9; SARD1, SAR DEFICIENT 1; CBP60b, CAM-BINDING PROTEIN 60b; JA, JASMONIC ACID; LOX3, LIPOXYGENASE 3; LOX4, LIPOXYGENASE 4; OPR3, 12-OXOPHYTODIENOATE REDUCTASE 3; OPR4, 12-OXOPHYTODIENOATE REDUCTASE 4; COI1, CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1; CYP94B3, CYTOCHROME P450_FAMILY 94_SUBFAMILY B_POLYPEPTIDE 3; JAR1, JASMONATE RESISTANT 1; LAC1, LACCASE 1; UMC1, UMECYANIN-LIKE 1; CPK33, CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 33; CAMTA3, CALMODULIN-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR 3; DSC1, DOMINANT SUPPRESSOR OF CAMTA3 1; CDKE, CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE E; SSN, SILENCE-INDUCED STEM NECROSIS; SSI2, SUPPRESSOR OF SA INSENSITIVE 2; HDTF1, HOMEODOMAIN TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1; HB12, HOMEOBOX 12; ATAF1, ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA ACTIVATING FACTOR 1; ET, ETHYLENE; ETR1, ETHYLENE RESISTANT 1; ETR4, ETHYLENE RESISTANT 4; Nr, NEVER RIPE; ACS2, 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1CARBOXYLIC ACID SYNTHASE 2; ACS6, 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1CARBOXYLIC ACID SYNTHASE 6; EIN2, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2; EIN4, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 4; EIN6, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 6; ERF1, ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 1; ERF6, ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 6; MPL28, MAJOR LATEX PROTEIN 28; BA, BRASSINOSTEROID; BAK1, BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE; SOBIR1, SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1 1; bHLH171, BHLH-TYPE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 171; RABGAP22, Rab GTPase-ACTIVATING PROTEIN 22; Ve1, VERTICILLIUM Race1 RESISTANCE; Vd, Verticillium dahliae; VdEG1, V. dahliae ENDOGLUCANASE 1; VdEG3, V. dahliae ENDOGLUCANASE 3; VdCUT11, V. dahliae CUTINASE 11; VdCBM1, V. dahlia CARBOHYDRATE-BINDING MODULE FAMILY 1; VdAve1, V. dahliae Avirulence on Ve1; VdSCP41, V. dahliae SECRETORY PROTEIN 41; VdISC1, V. dahliae ISOCHORISMATASE 1; VdNEP, V. dahliae NECROSIS-AND ETHYLENE-INDUCING PROTEIN.