Table 1.
Traits that associate with brain age difference, with p-value < 2.35 × 10–5 (Bonferroni threshold) . Odds ratios and betas are given per unit standard deviation of brain age difference (3.72 years). PWA = pulse wave analysis.
| Categorical and ordered traits | Category | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Rate of incidence (cases/controls) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple sclerosis | Diagnoses | 4.04 (2.37, 6.93) | 2.85 × 10–07 | 18/12,278 |
| Type 1 diabetes | Diagnoses | 2.39 (1.73, 3.29) | 1.17 × 10–07 | 49/12,247 |
| Taking insulin | Touchscreen | 2.22 (1.55, 3.14) | 2.22 × 10–05 | 36/1633 |
| Type 2 diabetes | Diagnoses | 1.42 (1.25, 1.61) | 7.77 × 10–08 | 334/11,962 |
| Essential (primary) hypertension | Diagnoses | 1.22 (1.15, 1.29) | 1.22 × 10–10 | 1820/10,476 |
| Number of treatments/medications taken | Verbal interview | 1.13 (1.09, 1.18) | 6.02 × 10–10 | 12,294 |
| Continuous traits | Category | Beta (95% CI) | p-value | N samples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic brachial blood pressure during PWA | Heart MRI | 0.08 (0.06, 0.10) | 2.20 × 10–13 | 10,338 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | Physical measures | 0.08 (0.06, 0.10) | 2.20 × 10–14 | 11,830 |
| Central systolic blood pressure during PWA | Heart MRI | 0.08 (0.06, 0.10) | 7.59 × 10–13 | 10,337 |
| Systolic blood pressure | Physical measures | 0.07 (0.06, 0.09) | 1.91 × 10–14 | 11,830 |
| End systolic pressure during PWA | Heart MRI | 0.07 (0.05, 0.09) | 3.04 × 10–10 | 10,306 |
| Peripheral pulse pressure during PWA | Heart MRI | 0.07 (0.05, 0.09) | 3.25 × 10–10 | 10,335 |
| Time taken to enter values in symbol-digit matching test | Cognitive function | 0.07 (0.04, 0.09) | 2.67 × 10–07 | 6592 |
| Central pulse pressure during PWA | Heart MRI | 0.07 (0.04, 0.09) | 7.47 × 10–10 | 10,335 |
| Cardiac output during PWA | Heart MRI | 0.07 (0.04, 0.09) | 1.47 × 10–09 | 10,188 |
| Cardiac index during PWA | Heart MRI | 0.07 (0.05, 0.09) | 1.94 × 10–10 | 10,046 |
| Stroke volume during PWA | Heart MRI | 0.05 (0.03, 0.07) | 4.36 × 10–06 | 10,190 |
| Ventricular rate | Physical measures | 0.05 (0.03, 0.07) | 2.23 × 10–05 | 10,656 |
| Central augmentation pressure during PWA | Heart MRI | 0.05 (0.03, 0.07) | 1.39 × 10–05 | 10,333 |
| Body mass index | Physical measures | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) | 3.33 × 10–05 | 12,260 |
| Hand grip strength (right) | Physical measures | − 0.03 (− 0.05, − 0.02) | 3.51 × 10–06 | 12,267 |
| Hand grip strength (left) | Physical measures | − 0.04 (− 0.05, − 0.03) | 1.72 × 10–08 | 6581 |
| Number of symbol digit matches attempted | Cognitive function | − 0.07 (− 0.09, − 0.04) | 4.08 × 10–07 | 6581 |
| Number of symbol digit matches made correctly | Cognitive function | − 0.07 (− 0.10, − 0.05) | 1.82 × 10–08 | 10,338 |