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. 2020 Nov 4;8:517166. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.517166

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Copyright © 2020 Tavares, de Jesus, da Silva, Barroso, Batista, Coelho-Rocha, Azevedo, Drumond and Mancha-Agresti.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of mechanism proposed for DNA vaccine delivery system into mammalian cells using live bacterial vectors. (I) Oral administration of the recombinant bacteria (); (II) Bacteria in contact with the intestinal surface where they are recognized by the Microfold cells (M cells) (), enterocytes (), or immune cells [such as dendritic cells ()]; (III) The recombinant bacteria is engulfed by the phagolysosome complex and lysed (). The vaccinal plasmid () escapes from the vesicle and reaches the nucleus () of the host cell. Inside the nucleus transcription of the gene of interest occurs (); (IV) The protein () is exposed to the immune system, inducing cellular and humoral immune responses.

Inline graphic — Schematic representation of mechanism proposed for DNA vaccine delivery system into mammalian cells using live bacterial vectors. (I) Oral administration of the recombinant bacteria (); (II) Bacteria in contact with the intestinal surface where they are recognized by the Microfold cells (M cells) (), enterocytes (), or immune cells [such as dendritic cells ()]; (III) The recombinant bacteria is engulfed by the phagolysosome complex and lysed (). The vaccinal plasmid () escapes from the vesicle and reaches the nucleus () of the host cell. Inside the nucleus transcription of the gene of interest occurs (); (IV) The protein () is exposed to the immune system, inducing cellular and humoral immune responses.