. 2020 Nov 17;324(19):1995–1997. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.18740

Table 2. Type and Frequency of Illegal Activity Associated With Penalties.

^{^a}

Biogen, Celgene, Gilead Sciences, and Hospira had no violations in this period.

^{^b}

Manufacturing and distributing adulterated or unapproved drugs.

^{^c}

Bribery to foreign officials, suppliers, or other entities.

^{^d}

Fraudulently delaying market entry of competitors, antitrust, monopoly.

^{^e}

Failure to disclose negative information about a product or about poor drug development.

^{^f}

Violations of environmental regulation(eg, Clean Air Act).

^{^g}

Tax fraud and insider trading.

^{^h}

Offering kickbacks to suppliers or customers to purchase and sell their product(s).

^ⁱ

Misleading or deceptive marketing practices.

^{^j}

Advertising a product for uses other than approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

^{^k}

Overpricing drugs reimbursed or paid for by government, underpaying rebate obligations, fraudulent pricing or billing, or other pricing illegalities.

^{^l}

Violations that do not fit the other reported categories.

^{^m}

Company was acquired before 2016. See footnote d in Table 1.