Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of homeless and housed individuals in the study population
| Homeless, n (%) | Housed, n (%) | P-values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total number | 8492 | 32 134 | – |
| Age (years), mean [SD] | 39.0 [14.6] | 38.8 [14.7] | Matched |
| Gender, male | 4975 (58.6) | 18 650 (58.0) | Matched |
| Social deprivation (IMD) | n/a | ||
| Least deprived | n/a | 6629 (20.6) | – |
| Most deprived | n/a | 5205 (16.2) | – |
| Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||
| White | 6094 (81.2) | 17 670 (81.3) | – |
| South Asian | 163 (2.2) | 742 (3.4) | – |
| Black | 499 (6.6) | 746 (3.4) | – |
| Others | 749 (10.0) | 2578 (11.9) | – |
| Urban area | 7854 (92.5) | 28 711 (89.3) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean [SD] | 25.8 [6.1] | 26.4 [5.6] | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg), mean [SD] | 124.2 [17.3] | 125.7 [17.0] | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg), mean [SD] | 76.5 [11.1] | 77.0 [10.7] | 0.002 |
| Total serum cholesterol (mmol/L), mean [SD] | 5.17 [1.20] | 5.26 [1.12] | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||
| Non-smoker | 1515 (21.9) | 12 471 (51.7) | – |
| Ex- or current smoker | 5412 (78.1) | 11 635 (48.3) | – |
| Alcohol consumption | <0.001 | ||
| Non-drinker | 1237 (45.4) | 3475 (52.4) | – |
| Ex- or current drinker | 1217 (44.7) | 2992 (45.1) | – |
| Excess or binge drinker | 271 (9.9) | 161 (2.4) | – |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Atrial fibrillation | 115 (1.4) | 238 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 837 (9.9) | 2752 (8.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 468 (5.5) | 1000 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1939 (22.8) | 4501 (14.0) | <0.001 |
| CKD | 98 (1.2) | 297 (0.9) | 0.05 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 321 (3.8) | 1103 (3.4) | 0.12 |
| Osteoarthritis | 555 (6.5) | 1478 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| Medication use | |||
| Statin | 1075 (12.7) | 3663 (11.4) | 0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medication | 1118 (13.2) | 4192 (13.0) | 0.77 |
| ACE inhibitor | 762 (9.0) | 3027 (9.4) | 0.21 |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 220 (2.6) | 1047 (3.3) | 0.002 |
| Beta-blocker | 1170 (13.8) | 3106 (9.7) | <0.001 |
Proportion of participants with non-missing values: social deprivation 99.9% (40580/40626), ethnicity 72% (29241), BMI 59.8% (24280), blood pressure 68.2% (27713), total cholesterol 26.6% (10789), smoking status 76.4% (31033), alcohol consumption 23% (9353). P -value was for the difference between homeless and housed individuals.
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.