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. 2019 Oct 7;69(3):445–461. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syz066

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© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — Phylograms with branch lengths based on amino acid sequences. The tree topologies were fixed to those obtained using third positions of codons for genes encoding five core C enzymes: (a) NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH, gene nadpmdh-1P1), (b) NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME, gene nadpme-1P4), (c) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK, gene pck-1P1), (d) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, gene ppc-1P3), and (e) pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK, gene ppdk-1P2). The major taxonomic groups are indicated with shades, and branches from CAndropogoneae are in red. Yellow circles indicate gene duplications. Scale bars = 0.01 expected amino acid substitutions per site (panels a–e are depicted at different scales). C species outside Andropogoneae were pruned from the tree. See Supplementary Fig. S7 available on Dryad for details, and Supplementary Fig. S6 available on Dryad for branch lengths based on nucleotides.

Inline graphic — Phylograms with branch lengths based on amino acid sequences. The tree topologies were fixed to those obtained using third positions of codons for genes encoding five core C enzymes: (a) NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH, gene nadpmdh-1P1), (b) NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME, gene nadpme-1P4), (c) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK, gene pck-1P1), (d) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, gene ppc-1P3), and (e) pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK, gene ppdk-1P2). The major taxonomic groups are indicated with shades, and branches from CAndropogoneae are in red. Yellow circles indicate gene duplications. Scale bars = 0.01 expected amino acid substitutions per site (panels a–e are depicted at different scales). C species outside Andropogoneae were pruned from the tree. See Supplementary Fig. S7 available on Dryad for details, and Supplementary Fig. S6 available on Dryad for branch lengths based on nucleotides.