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. 2020 Nov 18;17:345. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-01971-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Cytokine concentrations (pg/mL) are impacted by Tat exposure and morphine in the striatum (a) and spinal cord (b) of Tat transgenic mice. Proinflammatory cytokines showed morphine- and Tat-specific effects in the striatum and spinal cord. Morphine treatment led to a significant increase in multiple proinflammatory cytokines in the striatum (IL-1α, IL-9, IL-12p70) and spinal cord (IL-9, IL-12p70, IL-17A), while reducing IL-1β in the spinal cord. Tat exposure reduced several cytokines in the striatum (IL-1α, IL-17A) and spinal cord (IL-3). Morphine and Tat interactions were noted for IL-3 and IL-12p40 in the striatum. Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (highlighted, bottom right) was elevated by morphine in the spinal cord and reduced by Tat expression in the striatum, whereas IL-4 indicated a significant morphine by Tat interaction for both CNS regions. All data are expressed as mean pg/mL ± SEM. Samples were normalized to 900 μg/mL (striatum) or 500 μg/mL (spinal cord) via BCA. Statistical significance was assessed by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test; *p < 0.05 main effect of drug; ^#p < 0.05 main effect of genotype; ^†p < 0.05 vs. morphine-exposed Tat(−) mice; ^§p < 0.05 vs. morphine-exposed Tat(+) mice. Morph short-term (8-day) morphine injections. n = 5–6 mice per group