Table 4.
Multivariate logistic regression examining opioid misuse and/or use disorder: 2017–2018 NSDUH
| Model 1 Sociodemographic Indicators |
Model 2 Socioecological Indicator |
Model 3 Health Indicators |
Model 4 Other Substance Abuse or Dependence |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | |||||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||||||
| 18–25 years old | 4.06 | 1.53 | 10.77 | 0.006 | 4.08 | 1.54 | 10.85 | 0.006 | 2.52 | 0.96 | 6.63 | 0.060 | 1.69 | 0.60 | 4.73 | 0.311 |
| 26–34 years old | 6.65 | 2.55 | 17.30 | 0.000 | 4.58 | 1.74 | 12.11 | 0.003 | 2.88 | 1.12 | 7.43 | 0.029 | 2.07 | 0.78 | 5.49 | 0.142 |
| 35–49 years old | 4.43 | 1.71 | 11.46 | 0.003 | 2.99 | 1.14 | 7.81 | 0.026 | 2.06 | 0.80 | 5.33 | 0.132 | 1.75 | 0.65 | 4.70 | 0.261 |
| 50–64 years old | 3.57 | 1.47 | 8.69 | 0.006 | 2.65 | 1.09 | 6.47 | 0.033 | 2.30 | 0.95 | 5.55 | 0.065 | 1.90 | 0.73 | 4.92 | 0.182 |
| 65 years and older | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – |
| Sex/Gender | ||||||||||||||||
| Male | 1.45 | 1.13 | 1.85 | 0.004 | 1.02 | 0.82 | 1.27 | 0.855 | 1.26 | 1.00 | 1.59 | 0.055 | 1.17 | 0.90 | 1.52 | 0.241 |
| Female | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 4.31 | 1.89 | 9.84 | 0.001 | 3.16 | 1.37 | 7.33 | 0.008 | 2.87 | 1.18 | 6.97 | 0.021 | 2.23 | 0.87 | 5.76 | 0.095 |
| Non-Hispanic Black/African American | 1.90 | 0.72 | 5.00 | 0.189 | 1.40 | 0.53 | 3.74 | 0.493 | 1.46 | 0.52 | 4.09 | 0.463 | 1.47 | 0.49 | 4.42 | 0.482 |
| Native American/Alaska Native | 3.87 | 1.47 | 10.19 | 0.007 | 2.49 | 0.93 | 6.63 | 0.067 | 2.53 | 0.91 | 7.01 | 0.074 | 1.65 | 0.53 | 5.10 | 0.376 |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1.66 | 0.31 | 8.88 | 0.547 | 1.55 | 0.30 | 7.98 | 0.592 | 1.47 | 0.27 | 7.95 | 0.647 | 1.06 | 0.19 | 5.75 | 0.949 |
| Non-Hispanic more than one race | 4.60 | 1.67 | 12.67 | 0.004 | 2.99 | 1.04 | 8.63 | 0.043 | 2.40 | 0.79 | 7.27 | 0.119 | 1.95 | 0.60 | 6.33 | 0.258 |
| Hispanic | 1.56 | 0.69 | 3.55 | 0.281 | 1.40 | 0.60 | 3.24 | 0.425 | 1.34 | 0.56 | 3.19 | 0.506 | 1.38 | 0.55 | 3.46 | 0.486 |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – |
| Sexual Identity | ||||||||||||||||
| Lesbian or gay | 1.04 | 0.59 | 1.83 | 0.887 | 0.99 | 0.55 | 1.78 | 0.978 | 0.71 | 0.40 | 1.27 | 0.243 | 0.56 | 0.28 | 1.09 | 0.088 |
| Bisexual | 1.96 | 1.36 | 2.81 | 0.001 | 1.75 | 1.24 | 2.48 | 0.002 | 0.99 | 0.69 | 1.44 | 0.965 | 0.80 | 0.51 | 1.26 | 0.333 |
| Heterosexual, i.e., straight | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – |
| Educational Attainment | ||||||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 2.93 | 1.81 | 4.75 | 0.000 | 2.11 | 1.30 | 3.43 | 0.003 | 1.58 | 0.97 | 2.57 | 0.067 | 1.21 | 0.71 | 2.07 | 0.484 |
| High school grad | 2.59 | 1.65 | 4.05 | 0.000 | 1.99 | 1.28 | 3.09 | 0.003 | 1.55 | 1.00 | 2.41 | 0.049 | 1.34 | 0.79 | 2.28 | 0.268 |
| Some college/associate’s degree | 2.08 | 1.32 | 3.26 | 0.002 | 1.61 | 1.02 | 2.53 | 0.040 | 1.28 | 0.82 | 2.02 | 0.272 | 1.19 | 0.71 | 1.99 | 0.496 |
| College graduate | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – |
| Population Density of Residence | ||||||||||||||||
| In a CBSA > 1 million | 1.26 | 0.84 | 1.88 | 0.257 | 1.31 | 0.87 | 1.98 | 0.187 | 1.31 | 0.86 | 2.02 | 0.208 | 1.31 | 0.83 | 2.07 | 0.242 |
| In a CBSA < 1 million | 1.15 | 0.79 | 1.67 | 0.450 | 1.18 | 0.81 | 1.71 | 0.392 | 1.14 | 0.78 | 1.68 | 0.483 | 1.16 | 0.78 | 1.73 | 0.450 |
| Not in a CBSA | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – |
| Family Income | ||||||||||||||||
| Less than $20,000 | 2.24 | 1.53 | 3.28 | 0.000 | 1.84 | 1.26 | 2.67 | 0.002 | 1.06 | 0.73 | 1.56 | 0.741 | 0.83 | 0.55 | 1.27 | 0.390 |
| $20,000–$49,999 | 1.58 | 1.13 | 2.21 | 0.009 | 1.40 | 1.00 | 1.96 | 0.051 | 0.93 | 0.67 | 1.30 | 0.679 | 0.85 | 0.59 | 1.22 | 0.374 |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 1.32 | 0.91 | 1.92 | 0.145 | 1.22 | 0.83 | 1.79 | 0.311 | 1.01 | 0.68 | 1.49 | 0.966 | 0.91 | 0.59 | 1.40 | 0.649 |
| $75,000 or more | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – |
| Employment Status | ||||||||||||||||
| Employed full/part-time | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | – |
| Unemployed | 3.02 | 2.17 | 4.21 | 0.000 | 2.80 | 2.02 | 3.88 | 0.000 | 1.89 | 1.34 | 2.65 | 0.000 | 1.47 | 0.99 | 2.16 | 0.054 |
| Retired | 0.71 | 0.28 | 1.84 | 0.478 | 0.73 | 0.28 | 1.88 | 0.509 | 0.60 | 0.24 | 1.47 | 0.256 | 0.62 | 0.24 | 1.63 | 0.324 |
| Disabled | 2.68 | 1.67 | 4.30 | 0.000 | 2.31 | 1.42 | 3.77 | 0.001 | 1.01 | 0.62 | 1.67 | 0.952 | 1.07 | 0.63 | 1.83 | 0.797 |
| Other | 1.58 | 1.17 | 2.14 | 0.003 | 1.65 | 1.21 | 2.25 | 0.002 | 1.36 | 1.00 | 1.86 | 0.049 | 1.24 | 0.86 | 1.79 | 0.252 |
| Arrested and Booked | 5.40 | 4.26 | 6.84 | 0.000 | 4.19 | 3.34 | 5.25 | 0.000 | 2.58 | 1.98 | 3.37 | 0.000 | ||||
| Overall Health | ||||||||||||||||
| Fair/poor | 4.58 | 2.89 | 7.26 | 0.000 | 3.71 | 2.19 | 6.29 | 0.000 | ||||||||
| Good | 4.06 | 2.76 | 5.96 | 0.000 | 3.43 | 2.20 | 5.34 | 0.000 | ||||||||
| Very good | 2.94 | 2.07 | 4.16 | 0.000 | 2.75 | 1.90 | 3.98 | 0.000 | ||||||||
| Excellent | ref. | – | – | – | ref. | – | – | |||||||||
| No Private Health Insurance | 2.29 | 1.73 | 3.04 | 0.000 | 2.12 | 1.55 | 2.89 | 0.000 | ||||||||
| Serious Psychological Distress a | 4.20 | 3.25 | 5.44 | 0.000 | 3.05 | 2.20 | 4.23 | 0.000 | ||||||||
| Suicidality in Past Year a | 2.14 | 1.64 | 2.79 | 0.000 | 1.58 | 1.17 | 2.14 | 0.004 | ||||||||
| Nicotine Dependence a | 3.01 | 2.30 | 3.93 | 0.000 | ||||||||||||
| Alcohol Dependence or Abuse a | 1.40 | 1.02 | 1.92 | 0.038 | ||||||||||||
| Marijuana Dependence or Abuse a | 2.24 | 1.40 | 3.58 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Cocaine Dependence or Abuse a | 3.92 | 2.14 | 7.17 | 0.000 | ||||||||||||
| Inhalant Dependence or Abuse a | 1.80 | 0.23 | 14.23 | 0.571 | ||||||||||||
| Methamphetamine Dependence or Abuse a | 3.32 | 1.96 | 5.64 | 0.000 | ||||||||||||
| Tranquilizer Dependence or Abuse a | 16.72 | 9.75 | 28.65 | 0.000 | ||||||||||||
| Stimulant Dependence or Abuse a | 2.45 | 1.03 | 5.87 | 0.044 | ||||||||||||
| Sedative Dependence or Abuse a | 3.16 | 0.52 | 19.21 | 0.206 | ||||||||||||
Notes. ref reference group, AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval
aCompared to those not experiencing the condition