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. 2020 Nov 17;10:19959. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77004-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hypothetical model for the activin-follistatin axis in the CD49f⁺ cells: to suppress the disordered cell proliferation, DNA synthesis is usually suppressed through G1 phase arrest by activin, which is produced and secreted by CD49f⁺ cells located in the salivary glands. However, once salivary glands are damaged, CD49f⁺ cells produce and secrete follistatin, and then start cell proliferation through the abrogation of G1 phase arrest by a decrease of P21 expression to maintain the secretory capacity of saliva.