Figure 15.

(A) A schematic of the methodology used to form 3D-printable, doubly dynamic self-healing cryogels. The inset demonstrates the chemical structure of the cryogels and their macroporous morphology. (B) Apparent viscosity curves of oxime-based hydrogels 25°C (black squares) and 80°C (red triangles). The gel exhibits shear thinning behavior, suitable for 3D printing. (C) A stable, shape-retaining extruded filament of oxime-based hydrogels. (D) Self-healing rheology of oxime-based hydrogels. (E) 3D-printed oxime-based hydrogel scaffold after 3 cryogelation cycles at −10°C and induction of macroscopic cuts (a representative cryogel is demonstrated). (F) The damaged halves of the scaffold were brought into contact, to facilitate the healing process. (G) The damaged scaffold recovered from the cut and could be lifted as a single self-supporting unit after ~3 h. Reproduced from the licensed article²⁹⁴ of a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.