Table 2. Prospective associations between plant-based diet indices and incident MetS (N = 5,646)a.
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P-trend | Per SDb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDI | |||||||
| Number of cases | 625 | 576 | 389 | 454 | 539 | ||
| Person-years | 11,941.4 | 10,416.7 | 7,606.1 | 9,463.0 | 8,971.6 | ||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) |
0.92 (0.81–1.05) |
0.84 (0.75–0.95) |
1.02 (0.90–1.14) |
0.42 | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) |
0.92 (0.81–1.05) |
0.85 (0.75–0.96) |
1.01 (0.90–1.14) |
0.37 | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) |
0.87 (0.76–1.00) |
0.83 (0.73–0.94) |
0.96 (0.82–1.04) |
0.08 | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) |
| hPDI | |||||||
| Number of cases | 590 | 455 | 619 | 384 | 535 | ||
| Person-years | 10,972.9 | 8,854.5 | 11,843.7 | 7,728.5 | 8,972.2 | ||
| Model 1 | Ref | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) |
0.90 (0.80–1.01) |
0.84 (0.74–0.96) |
0.95 (0.85–1.07) |
0.35 | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) |
0.92 (0.82–1.03) |
0.86 (0.75–0.98) |
0.98 (0.87–1.11) |
0.63 | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) |
0.93 (0.83–1.04) |
0.82 (0.72–0.94) |
0.97 (0.86–1.10) |
0.37 | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) |
| uPDI | |||||||
| Number of cases | 525 | 475 | 577 | 417 | 535 | ||
| Person-years | 12,176.9 | 10,068.0 | 10,612.8 | 8,021.9 | 7,492.2 | ||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) |
1.23 (1.09–1.39) |
1.31 (1.15–1.49) |
1.57 (1.39–1.79) |
<0.001 | 1.18 (1.14–1.23) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) |
1.18 (1.05–1.33) |
1.23 (1.08–1.41) |
1.50 (1.31–1.71) |
<0.001 | 1.16 (1.11–1.21) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) |
1.18 (1.04–1.33) |
1.26 (1.11–1.44) |
1.44 (1.26–1.64) |
<0.001 | 1.15 (1.11–1.21) |
| Pro-vegetarian diet index | |||||||
| Number of cases | 565 | 557 | 396 | 551 | 514 | ||
| Person-years | 11,466.1 | 11,011.1 | 8,178.5 | 10,131.7 | 7,584.4 | ||
| Model 1 | Ref | 0.97 (0.86–1.09) |
0.89 (0.78–1.02) |
0.97 (0.86–1.10) |
1.11 (0.98–1.26) |
0.11 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) |
0.90 (0.79–1.03) |
0.98 (0.87–1.11) |
1.11 (0.98–1.26) |
0.12 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.01 (0.89–1.13) |
0.90 (0.79–1.03) |
1.00 (0.89–1.13) |
1.10 (0.97–1.25) |
0.22 | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) |
Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, and total energy intake. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, total energy intake, education, physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol intake. Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, total energy intake, education, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol intake, and BMI.
aThe quintiles do not have equal sample size because many participants received the same scores.
bIn the continuous analysis, expressed per SD higher score, PDI had an SD of 5.3, hPDI had an SD of 6.3, uPDI had an SD of 6.9, and pro-vegetarian diet index had an SD of 5.0.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; hPDI, healthful plant-based diet index; MetS, metabolic syndrome; PDI, overall plant-based diet index; SD, standard deviation; uPDI, unhealthful plant-based diet index