Table 3. Prospective associations between plant-based diet indices and individual components of incident MetS (N = 5,646).
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P-trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDI | ||||||
| Abdominal obesity | Ref | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) |
0.98 (0.84–1.14) |
0.96 (0.84–1.11) |
0.95 (0.82–1.09) |
0.41 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | Ref | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) |
0.99 (0.86–1.15) |
0.95 (0.83–1.09) |
0.98 (0.85–1.13) |
0.59 |
| Low HDL-C | Ref | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) |
1.10 (0.97–1.25) |
1.06 (0.94–1.20) |
1.13 (0.99–1.27) |
0.15 |
| High fasting glucose | Ref | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) |
0.92 (0.79–1.06) |
0.85 (0.74–0.97) |
0.80 (0.70–0.92) |
0.003 |
| Elevated blood pressure | Ref | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) |
0.95 (0.82–1.11) |
0.97 (0.84–1.12) |
1.01 (0.87–1.16) |
0.97 |
| hPDI | ||||||
| Abdominal obesity | Ref | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) |
1.04 (0.91–1.19) |
0.97 (0.83–1.13) |
1.04 (0.89–1.20) |
0.87 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | Ref | 0.95 (0.82–1.09) |
0.88 (0.77–1.00) |
0.84 (0.72–0.97) |
1.00 (0.87–1.15) |
0.65 |
| Low HDL-C | Ref | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) |
0.97 (0.87–1.09) |
0.98 (0.86–1.11) |
1.08 (0.95–1.22) |
0.15 |
| High fasting glucose | Ref | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) |
0.97 (0.85–1.11) |
0.89 (0.77–1.04) |
1.01 (0.88–1.16) |
0.79 |
| Elevated blood pressure | Ref | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) |
1.06 (0.93–1.21) |
0.98 (0.84–1.14) |
0.93 (0.80–1.07) |
0.31 |
| uPDI | ||||||
| Abdominal obesity | Ref | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) |
1.26 (1.10–1.45) |
1.14 (0.98–1.34) |
1.46 (1.25–1.71) |
<0.001 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | Ref | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) |
1.05 (0.91–1.20) |
1.13 (0.97–1.31) |
1.26 (1.08–1.46) |
0.001 |
| Low HDL-C | Ref | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) |
1.06 (0.94–1.20) |
1.20 (1.05–1.36) |
1.25 (1.09–1.43) |
0.001 |
| High fasting glucose | Ref | 1.03 (0.90–1.19) |
0.93 (0.81–1.08) |
0.97 (0.83–1.13) |
1.06 (0.91–1.24) |
0.31 |
| Elevated blood pressure | Ref | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) |
1.04 (0.90–1.21) |
1.14 (0.98–1.34) |
1.24 (1.06–1.45) |
0.001 |
| Pro-vegetarian diet index | ||||||
| Abdominal obesity | Ref | 0.90 (0.78–1.03) |
0.97 (0.83–1.13) |
0.93 (0.81–1.08) |
0.99 (0.84–1.15) |
0.92 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | Ref | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) |
0.93 (0.80–1.07) | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) |
1.02 (0.88–1.18) |
0.68 |
| Low HDL-C | Ref | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) |
1.02 (0.90–1.17) |
1.16 (1.00–1.31) |
1.12 (0.98–1.28) |
0.07 |
| High fasting glucose | Ref | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) |
0.96 (0.83–1.10) |
0.91 (0.79–1.05) |
0.93 (0.80–1.08) |
0.38 |
| Elevated blood pressure | Ref | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) |
0.90 (0.77–1.05) |
0.92 (0.80–1.06) |
0.99 (0.85–1.16) |
0.92 |
Model was adjusted for age, sex, total energy intake, education, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol intake, and BMI.
1The quintiles do not have equal sample size because many participants received the same scores.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hPDI, healthful plant-based diet index; MetS, metabolic syndrome; PDI, overall plant-based diet index; uPDI, unhealthful plant-based diet index