TABLE 4.
Bivariate logistic regression analysis using generalized estimating equations (GEE) for associations between individual and structural factors and non-fatal overdose amongst women sex workers who use drugs in Metro Vancouver, Canada, 2010–2017 (n = 624)
| Characteristic | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p - value |
|---|---|---|
| Primary exposure of interest | ||
| Police-related barriers to harm reduction strategies* | 1.72 (1.34 – 2.20) | <0.001 |
| Other individual and structural variables | ||
| Demographics | ||
| Age, per year older | 0.99 (0.97 – 1.01) | 0.375 |
| Average monthly income, per $1000 Canadian Dollars (CAD)*‡ | 1.02 (1.00 – 1.05) | 0.066 |
| Indigenous ancestry | 1.22 (0.87 – 1.70) | 0.256 |
| Minority gender/sexual orientation† | 1.36 (0.98 – 1.89) | 0.068 |
| Mental Health Diagnosis° | 2.39 (1.63 – 3.51) | <0.001 |
| Interview year | 1.22 (1.14 – 1.31) | <0.001 |
| Substance Use Patterns | ||
| Injection opioid use* | 2.87 (2.13 – 3.88) | <0.001 |
| Non-injection opioid use* | 1.54 (1.17 – 2.02) | 0.002 |
| Injection stimulant use* | 2.26 (1.69 – 3.02) | <0.001 |
| Non-injection stimulant use* | 0.73 (0.51 – 1.06) | 0.095 |
| Frequency of injection drug use* | ||
| None | - | - |
| Less than weekly | 2.45 (1.54 – 3.89) | <0.001 |
| Weekly | 2.20 (1.38 – 3.51) | <0.001 |
| Daily | 3.89 (2.70 – 5.60) | <0.001 |
| Years of non-injection drug use | 1.00 (0.98 – 1.02) | 0.880 |
| Years of injection drug use | 1.01 (0.99 – 1.02) | 0.513 |
| Provide drugs for intimate male partner* | 1.39 (1.03 – 1.87) | 0.030 |
| Use drugs with intimate male partner* | 1.13 (0.87 – 1.47) | 0.350 |
| Use drugs with client* | 1.18 (0.90 – 1.54) | 0.228 |
| Structural factors | ||
| Primary place of service* | ||
| Outdoor/public space (ref) | - | - |
| Informal indoor | 0.94 (0.73 – 1.22) | 0.653 |
| Brothel/quasi-brothel | 0.17 (0.03 – 1.13) | 0.067 |
| N/A no recent sex work | 0.87 (0.59 – 1.27) | 0.470 |
| Physical and/or sexual workplace violence* | 2.08 (1.47 – 2.94) | <0.001 |
| Rushed drug use in outdoor space* | 1.29 (1.01 – 1.64) | 0.040 |
| Current unstable housing | 1.24 (0.93 – 1.65) | 0.140 |
| Unmet needs for health services* | 1.66 (1.18 – 2.34) | 0.004 |
*
Time updated measure using the last six months as a reference
†
Combined variable capturing minority gender identity and sexual orientation
°
Time updated lifetime measure
‡
Income from all sources, including government allowances