Table 1. Mortality rate ratios (MRR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and P values for all variables in the main analysis.
Details of the statistical models are available in section S2. Q, quintile.
| MRR | 95% CI | P value | |
| PM2.5 | 1.11 | (1.06–1.17) | 0.00 |
| Population density (Q2) |
0.91 | (0.71–1.15) | 0.42 |
| Population density (Q3) |
0.91 | (0.71–1.16) | 0.45 |
| Population density (Q4) |
0.74 | (0.57–0.95) | 0.02 |
| Population density (Q5) |
0.92 | (0.69–1.23) | 0.56 |
| % In poverty | 1.04 | (0.96–1.12) | 0.31 |
| Log(median house value) |
1.13 | (0.99–1.29) | 0.07 |
| Log(median household income) |
1.19 | (1.04–1.35) | 0.01 |
| % Owner-occupied housing |
1.12 | (1.04–1.20) | 0.00 |
| % Less than high school education |
1.20 | (1.10–1.32) | 0.00 |
| % Black | 1.49 | (1.38–1.61) | 0.00 |
| % Hispanic | 1.06 | (0.97–1.16) | 0.23 |
| % ≥ 65 years of age | 1.04 | (0.93–1.17) | 0.46 |
| % 45–64 years of age |
0.77 | (0.67–0.90) | 0.00 |
| % 15–44 years of age |
0.76 | (0.68–0.85) | 0.00 |
| Days since stay-at-home order |
1.18 | (0.92–1.52) | 0.20 |
| Days since first case | 2.40 | (2.05–2.80) | 0.00 |
| Rate of hospital beds |
1.00 | (0.93–1.08) | 0.95 |
| % Obese | 0.96 | (0.90–1.03) | 0.32 |
| % Smokers | 1.13 | (1.00–1.28) | 0.05 |
| Average summer temperature (°F) |
1.11 | (0.95–1.30) | 0.20 |
| Average winter temperature (°F) |
0.86 | (0.69–1.07) | 0.19 |
| Average summer relative humidity (%) |
0.93 | (0.80–1.09) | 0.38 |
| Average winter relative humidity (%) |
0.97 | (0.87–1.07) | 0.52 |