Table 1.
Antioxidants in Stroke.
| Stroke | Antioxidants | Anti-OS activity | Mechanism of anti-OS activity and others |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ischemic stroke | fucoxanthin | anti-OS | inhibit OS via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway |
| Sirtuin 6 | |||
| protocatechualdehyde | |||
| mangiferin | |||
| Korean Red Ginseng | |||
| 11-Keto-β-boswellic acid | |||
| metformin | |||
| S-allyl cysteine | |||
| monomethyl fumarate | |||
| dieckol | |||
| fumarate | |||
| ursolic acid | upregulate Nrf2 pathway and expression levels of BDNF | ||
| HP-1c | AMPK-Nrf2 pathway activation, without any toxicity after penetrating the brain | ||
| andrographolide | up-regulate Nrf2/HO-1 expression via regulation of p38 MAPK | ||
| 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinoxyl | inhibit p38 MAPK and p53 cascades | ||
| 3H-1,2-Dithiole-3-thione | suppress microglia activation; inhibit CNS peripheral cell infiltration | ||
| 3-n-butylphthalide | anti-OS; attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction | inhibit OS; activate Nrf2/HO-1/AMPK pathway; improve MMP and complexes I-IV | |
| melatonin | activate SIRT1 signaling | ||
| progesterone | suppress mtROS production and block MPTP | ||
| 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid | increase antioxidative capacity via the Nrf2 signaling pathway; reduce OS | ||
| SkQR1 | protect mitochondria | ||
| GK | anti-OS; protect blood vessels | faciliate angiogenesis through HIF-1α/VEGF and JAK2/STAT3 pathway | |
| leonurine | upregulate VEGF expression by Nrf-2 pathway | ||
| astragaloside IV | anti-OS; protect BBB | Nrf2 signaling pathway | |
| Tao Hong Si Wu Decoction | anti-OS | ||
| schizandrin A | anti-OS; anti-inflammation | AMPK/Nrf2 pathway | |
| tryptanthrin | decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglia cells via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and NF-κB | ||
| 3, 14, 19-triacetyl andrographolide | inhibit TLR4/NF-κB; upregulate Nrf2/ARE | ||
| quercetin | suppress LPS-induced oxidant production and expression of adhesion molecules | ||
| apelin 13 | affect AMPK/GSK-3β pathway activated by AR/Gα/PLC/IP3/CaMKK signaling; | ||
| diosgenin | suppress TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB-induced inflammation | ||
| irisin | regulate ROS-NLRP3 inflammation | ||
| TPEN | inhibit OS and inflammation | ||
| N-acetyl lysyltyrosylcysteine amide | |||
| Tanshinone IIA | |||
| berberine | reduce the infarct volume and brain edema; improve motor function; | ||
| melilotus officinalis | reduce cerebral thrombosis and inflammatory mediators | ||
| DHC | protect BBB; inhibit inflammation by affecting ROS, NOX2, NOX4, NF-ĸB, and NO | ||
| resveratrol | modulate intestinal flora-mediated Th17/Tregs and Th1/Th2 polarity shift | ||
| EPO-cyclosporine | suppress the innate immune response to OS, inflammation and MAPK family signaling | ||
| rhein | anti-OS; anti-apoptosis | inhibit OS and apoptosis | |
| deuterohemin His peptide-6 | |||
| acteoside | |||
| radix scrophulariae | |||
| pomalidomide | |||
| clostridium butyricum | |||
| adiponectin | attenuate mitochondrial vulnerability through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway | ||
| YiQiFuMai | reduce PKCδ/Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission | ||
| withania somnifera | inhibit PARP1-AIF-Mediated caspase-independent apoptosis | ||
| SMXZF | suppress H2O2-induced neuronal apoptosis through caspase-3/ROCK1/MLC pathway | ||
| diallyl trisufide | suppress OGD-induced apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway | ||
| plumbagin | anti-OS; anti-inflammation; anti-apoptosis | inhibit OS, inflammation and apoptosis | |
| hollow prussian blue nanozymes | |||
| geniposide | |||
| curcumin | |||
| hexahydrocurcumin | |||
| Sirt3 | promote autophagy | regulate the AMPK-mTOR pathway; decrease H2O2; increase ATP generation | |
| β-arrestin-1 | interact two major components of the BECN1 autophagic core complex | ||
| vitexin | anti-autophagy | inhibit autophagy through the mTOR/Ulk1 pathway | |
| silibinin | suppress the mitochondrial and autophagic cell death pathways | ||
| 3-methyladenine | inhibit expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 | ||
| astragalosides | block OGD-R-induced apoptosis and autophagy by inhibiting OS and ER stress | ||
| isoquercetin | anti-OS; anti-inflammation; anti-apoptosis; anti-autophagy | influence TLR4, NF-κB and caspase-1; ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and MAPK; TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6; NOX4/ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway; CREB, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 | |
| ECGG | affect PI3K/AKT/eNOS and NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathway; promote neovascularization and cell proliferation | ||
| ICH | green tea | anti-OS | reduce EBI |
| cofilin | |||
| mammalian sterile 20-like kinase-1 | |||
| melatonin | reduce DNA damage and MPTP opening | ||
| dexmedetomidine | inhibit PGC-1α pathway inactivation and mtROS | ||
| oleuropein | alleviate brain edema; preserve the BBB | ||
| adiponectin | |||
| isoliquiritigenin | anti-OS; anti-inflammation | ROS/NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and Nrf2-mediated activities | |
| Sirt3 | suppress NLRP3 and IL-1β levels | ||
| Sodium Benzoate | anti-OS; anti-apoptosis | regulate DJ-1/Akt/IKK/NFκB pathway to inhibit neuronal apoptosis and mtROS | |
| carnosine | decrease brain edema, BBB disruption, OS and neuronal apoptosis | ||
| metformin | anti-OS; anti-inflammation; anti-apoptosis; | inhibit OS, apoptosis and neuroinflammation | |
| baicalein | |||
| hydrogen gas | |||
| protocatechuic acid | |||
| hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase domain (HIF-PHD) metalloenzymes | abolish ATF4-dependent neuronal death | ||
| SAH | dimethyl formamide | anti-OS | improve EBI and cognitive dysfunction via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE system |
| telmisartan | anti-OS; inhibit cerebral vasospasm | decrease TXNIP expression | |
| nebivolol | increase GSH-Px activity | ||
| curcumin | reduce TNF-α | ||
| curcumin nanoparticles | anti-OS; anti-inflammation | keep BBB integrity; activate glutamate transporter-1; inhibit inflammation and OS | |
| UA | suppress the TLR4-mediated inflammatory pathway | ||
| pterostilbene | inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome and Nox2-related OS | ||
| apigenin | anti-OS; anti-apoptosis | inhibit EBI through the dual effects of anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis | |
| peroxiredoxin1/2 | |||
| docosahexaenoic acid | |||
| sodium hydrosulfide | |||
| cysteamine | |||
| gastrodin | |||
| naringin | |||
| progesterone | |||
| AVE 0991 | decreases OS and neuronal apoptosis through Mas/PKA/p-CREB/UCP-2 pathway | ||
| allicin | extenuate brain edema and BBB dysfunction; | ||
| mangiferin | anti-OS; anti-inflammation; anti-apoptosis |
regulate the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, NLRP3 and NF-κB. | |
| memantine | inhibit inflammation-mediated BBB breakdown and ER stress-based apoptosis | ||
| Salvianolic acid B | activate Nrf2 signaling pathway | ||
| Salvianolic acid A | associate with Nrf2 signaling, the phosphorylation of ERK and P38 MAPK signaling | ||
| mitoquinone | promote autophagy | activate mitophagy via Keap1/Nrf2/PHB2 (prohibitin 2) pathway | |
| melatonin | promote autophagy | stimulate autophagy to inhibit apoptotic death of neural cells |