Table 6.
Bivariate analysis of factors associated with nutraceutical use.
| Variable | Total n (%) | User n (%) | Non-user n (%) | x2 (df) or t | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 137 (40.2) | 17 (12.4) | 120 (87.6) | 4.682 (1) | 0.030 |
| Female | 204 (59.8) | 44 (21.6) | 160 (78.4) | ||
| Age in years (mean ± sd) | 44.4 (±12.4) | 47.4 (±11.1) | 43.8 (±12.7) | 2.053# | 0.040# |
| Race | |||||
| Malay | 226 (67.0) | 42 (18.6) | 184 (81.4) | 0.285 (1) | 0.593 |
| Non-Malay | 111 (33.0) | 18 (16.2) | 93 (83.8) | ||
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 174 (51.0) | 33 (19.0) | 141 (81.0) | 0.281 (1) | 0.596 |
| Unmarried | 167 (49.0) | 28 (16.8) | 139 (83.2) | ||
| Education | |||||
| Secondary and less | 134 (39.5) | 21 (15.7) | 113 (84.3) | 0.463 (1) | 0.496 |
| Tertiary | 205 (60.5) | 38 (18.5) | 167 (81.5) | ||
| Work | |||||
| Employed | 235 (70.4) | 44 (18.7) | 191 (81.3) | 0.112 (1) | 0.737 |
| Unemployed | 99 (29.6) | 17 (17.2) | 82 (82.8) | ||
| Income (median, IQR) (n = 80) | 4000 (3000, 5000) | 5000 (4000, 6000) | 4000 (3000, 5000) | 355.500## | 0.030## |
| Morbidities | |||||
| Single morbidities | 186 (54.5) | 25 (13.4) | 161 (86.6) | 5.511 (1) | 0.019 |
| Multiple morbidities | 155 (45.5) | 36 (23.2) | 119 (76.8) | ||
| Duration of disease in years (median, IQR) (n = 118) | 4 (2.0, 8.0) | 4 (2.0, 8.0) | 4 (2.0, 8.0) | 1145.000## | 0.907## |
| Self-perceived health status | |||||
| Good | 316 (92.7) | 57 (18.0) | 259 (82.0) | <0.001∗ (1) | 1.000∗ |
| Poor | 25 (7.3) | 4 (16.0) | 21 (84.0) | ||
| Knowledge | |||||
| Good | 134 (39.3) | 25 (18.7) | 109 (81.3) | 0.089 (1) | 0.766 |
| Poor | 207 (60.7) | 36 (17.4) | 171 (82.6) | ||
| Attitude | |||||
| Positive | 181 (53.1) | 33 (18.2) | 148 (81.8) | 0.031 (1) | 0.860 |
| Negative | 160 (46.9) | 28 (17.5) | 132 (82.5) |
#Student's t-test, ##Mann–Whitney U test; ∗Yates correction.