Table 8.

Hyperparameter optimization results of IFS-LightGBM (BO).

Hyperparameters	Meanings	Search ranges	Optimal values
learning_rate	Learning rate	(0.01, 1.0)	0.0274
max_depth	Maximum depth of the tree	(1, 50)	20
max_bin	The max number of bins that feature values will be bucketed in	(10, 100)	10
reg_alpha	L1 regularization	(1e-9, 1.0)	0.9647
boosting_type	Training method	gbdt; goss; rf; dart	goss
num_leaves	Number of leaf nodes	(1, 50)	11
n_estimators	Number of iterations	(100, 600)	600