Table 1.
Background characteristics | Total, N=193 | Control group, n=98 | Intervention group, n=95 | P value | |
Age (years), n (%) | .11 | ||||
|
≤29 | 47 (24.4) | 22 (22) | 25 (26) |
|
|
30-37 | 110 (57.0) | 52 (53) | 58 (61) |
|
|
≥38 | 36 (18.7) | 24 (25) | 12 (13) |
|
Gestational age at baseline, mean (SD) | 27.1 (4.6) | 27.3 (4.6) | 26.9 (4.5) | .66 | |
Parity, n (%) | .21 | ||||
|
Primiparous | 86 (44.6) | 48 (49) | 38 (40) |
|
|
Multiparous | 107 (55.4) | 50 (51) | 57 (60) |
|
Previous GDMa (N=107b), n (%) | .82 | ||||
|
No | 75(70.1) | 34 (68) | 41 (72) |
|
|
Yes | 32 (29.9) | 16 (32) | 16 (28) |
|
BMI (N=190c), n (%) | .68 | ||||
|
<24.9 | 83 (43.7) | 44 (45) | 39 (42) |
|
|
25.0-29.9 | 57 (30.0) | 26 (27) | 31 (33) |
|
|
30.0-34.9 | 31 (16.3) | 18 (19) | 13 (14) |
|
|
35.0-45.0 | 19 (10.0) | 9 (9) | 10 (11) |
|
Country of birth, n (%) | .15 | ||||
|
Norway | 90 (46.6) | 52 (53) | 38 (40) |
|
|
Western Europe + United States of America | 13 (6.7) | 9 (9) | 4 (4) |
|
|
Eastern Europe | 18 (9.3) | 9 (9) | 9 (10) |
|
|
Asia | 45 (23.3) | 16 (16) | 29 (31) |
|
|
Africa | 22 (11.4) | 10 (10) | 12 (13) |
|
|
South America | 5 (2.6) | 2 (2) | 3 (3) |
|
Marital status, n (%) | .62 | ||||
|
Married/cohabiting | 179 (92.7) | 90 (92) | 89 (94) |
|
|
Single/other | 14 (7.3) | 8 (8) | 6 (6) |
|
Education, n (%) | .51 | ||||
|
Primary school/no education | 19 (9.8) | 12 (12) | 7 (7) |
|
|
High school | 40 (20.7) | 23 (24) | 17 (18) |
|
|
College/university<4 years | 47 (24.4) | 23 (24) | 24 (25) |
|
|
College/university≥4 years | 87 (45.1) | 40 (41) | 47 (50) |
|
Smoking or wet tobacco , n (%) | .69 | ||||
|
No | 189 (97.9) | 96 (98) | 93 (98) |
|
|
Yes | 4 (2.1) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) |
|
Main activity, n (%) | .22 | ||||
|
Employed or self-employed | 147 (76.2) | 71 (72) | 76 (80) |
|
|
Not employed or not self-employed | 46 (23.8) | 27 (28) | 19 (20) |
|
Joined income, n (%) | .78 | ||||
|
≤59,900 USD | 57 (29.9) | 26 (27) | 31 (33) |
|
|
60,000-79,900 USD | 28 (14.2) | 14 (14) | 14 (15) |
|
|
80,000-99,900 USD | 39 (19.8) | 20 (20) | 19 (20) |
|
|
≥100,000 USD | 35 (18.8) | 20 (20) | 15 (16) |
|
|
I don’t know | 34 (17.3) | 18 (18) | 16 (17) |
|
Economic hardship (N=188c), n (%) | .85 | ||||
|
No | 58 (30.9) | 29 (30) | 29 (32) |
|
|
Yes | 130 (69.1) | 67 (70) | 63 (69) |
|
Language, n (%) | .02 | ||||
|
Native Norwegian-speaking | 86 (45.1) | 52 (53) | 34 (36) |
|
|
Nonnative Norwegian-speaking | 107 (54.9) | 46 (47) | 61 (64) |
|
Perceived health score (0-100), mean (SD) | 70.8 (19.7) | 70.5 (20.5) | 71.2 (18.9) | .80 |
aGDM: gestational diabetes mellitus.
bAmong multiparous women only.
cSome values are missing.