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. 2020 Nov 4;8(11):e18614. doi: 10.2196/18614

Table 1.

Background characteristics at baseline of the participants who provided dietary data at baseline (Q1) and after the intervention (Q2) in the study on the Pregnant+ app.

Background characteristics Total, N=193 Control group, n=98 Intervention group, n=95 P value
Age (years), n (%) .11

≤29 47 (24.4) 22 (22) 25 (26)

30-37 110 (57.0) 52 (53) 58 (61)

≥38 36 (18.7) 24 (25) 12 (13)
Gestational age at baseline, mean (SD) 27.1 (4.6) 27.3 (4.6) 26.9 (4.5) .66
Parity, n (%) .21

Primiparous 86 (44.6) 48 (49) 38 (40)

Multiparous 107 (55.4) 50 (51) 57 (60)
Previous GDMa (N=107b), n (%) .82

No 75(70.1) 34 (68) 41 (72)

Yes 32 (29.9) 16 (32) 16 (28)
BMI (N=190c), n (%) .68

<24.9 83 (43.7) 44 (45) 39 (42)

25.0-29.9 57 (30.0) 26 (27) 31 (33)

30.0-34.9 31 (16.3) 18 (19) 13 (14)

35.0-45.0 19 (10.0) 9 (9) 10 (11)
Country of birth, n (%) .15

Norway 90 (46.6) 52 (53) 38 (40)

Western Europe + United States of America 13 (6.7) 9 (9) 4 (4)

Eastern Europe 18 (9.3) 9 (9) 9 (10)

Asia 45 (23.3) 16 (16) 29 (31)

Africa 22 (11.4) 10 (10) 12 (13)

South America 5 (2.6) 2 (2) 3 (3)
Marital status, n (%) .62

Married/cohabiting 179 (92.7) 90 (92) 89 (94)

Single/other 14 (7.3) 8 (8) 6 (6)
Education, n (%) .51

Primary school/no education 19 (9.8) 12 (12) 7 (7)

High school 40 (20.7) 23 (24) 17 (18)

College/university<4 years 47 (24.4) 23 (24) 24 (25)

College/university≥4 years 87 (45.1) 40 (41) 47 (50)
Smoking or wet tobacco , n (%) .69

No 189 (97.9) 96 (98) 93 (98)

Yes 4 (2.1) 2 (2) 2 (2)
Main activity, n (%) .22

Employed or self-employed 147 (76.2) 71 (72) 76 (80)

Not employed or not self-employed 46 (23.8) 27 (28) 19 (20)
Joined income, n (%) .78

≤59,900 USD 57 (29.9) 26 (27) 31 (33)

60,000-79,900 USD 28 (14.2) 14 (14) 14 (15)

80,000-99,900 USD 39 (19.8) 20 (20) 19 (20)

≥100,000 USD 35 (18.8) 20 (20) 15 (16)

I don’t know 34 (17.3) 18 (18) 16 (17)
Economic hardship (N=188c), n (%) .85

No 58 (30.9) 29 (30) 29 (32)

Yes 130 (69.1) 67 (70) 63 (69)
Language, n (%) .02

Native Norwegian-speaking 86 (45.1) 52 (53) 34 (36)

Nonnative Norwegian-speaking 107 (54.9) 46 (47) 61 (64)
Perceived health score (0-100), mean (SD) 70.8 (19.7) 70.5 (20.5) 71.2 (18.9) .80

aGDM: gestational diabetes mellitus.

bAmong multiparous women only.

cSome values are missing.