Table 1.
Undetermined location cases in neurogenic urinary retention
| Year, author | patient | bladder-systemic-neurological symptoms and signs | Urodynamics | Other tests | Prognosis | |||||||||||||||||||
| Age | Sex | Retention | Fever | Head-ache | Stiff neck/kernig | Lower extermities | Sensation | Skin erruption | FS (mL) |
BC (mL) |
DO | DU | DSD | Neuro physiology | Neuro imaging | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | CSF (weeks) |
Retention (weeks) |
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| (Years) | (Systemic) | Power | Reflexes | Cell /mm3 (n<5) |
Protein mg/dL (n<40) |
Glucose mg/dL (n>50) |
OCB | MBP and virus titre |
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| Undetermined location cases: urinary retention with Some systemic sign No meningeal sign No upper neuron sign No lower neuron (sacral/peripheral) sign |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1973 Sperber15 |
23 | F | + | + | + | np | N | np | N | – | np | +? | np | np | inc | inc | np | np | np | np | 1 | |||
| Sore throat, lymphadenopathy | (Exact number not mentioned) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atypical lymphocytosis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Infectious mononucleosis: common Epstein Barr (EB) virus infection) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Cases with EBV &both meningoencephalitis and peripheral neuropathy are cited) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1980 Vanneste16 |
20 | F | + | – | – | – | N | N | N | – | np | +? | np | np | 32 | 22 | 57 | np | np | np | 1 | |||
| case1 | Malaise, fatigue | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Viral infection suspected) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 21 | F | + | – | – | – | N | N | N | – | np | +? | np | np | 161 | 70 | 54 | np | N | np | 1 | ||||
| case3 | (No malaise, fatigue) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1991 Steinberg14 |
24 | M | + | – | – | – | N | N | N | – | 160 | 340 | – | + | np | BCR: N | Lumbar | 133 | 78 | 38 | – | HSV2 | 3 | 3 |
| (No malaise, fatigue; no leucocytosis) | (by CO2 cystometry) | MRI: N | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Central nervous system involvement by HSV is suspected) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 Present case |
74 | M | + | -+ | – | – | N | N | N | – | 224 | 434 | – | + | – | Sphincter | Lumbar | 28 | 44 | 56 | + | Normal | (3) | 5 |
| – | – | – | – | N | N | N | – | 142 | 328 | – | +- | – | EMG, BCR, | MRI, | 19 | 43 | 57 | np | np | |||||
| (No malaise, fatigue; no leucocytosis) | (Follow-up) | (Follow-up) | NCS incl. | brain MRI, | (Follow-up) | |||||||||||||||||||
| F wave | MIBG, DAT | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| : N | ECD-SPECT | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| : N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hatched area indicates abnormality.
BC, bladder capacity (200 mL <N < 600 mL); BCR, bulbocavernosus reflex; DAT, 123I-ioflupane (N-ω-fluoropropyl-2-β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane) dopamine transporter scan; DO, detrusor overactivity; DSD, detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia; DU, detrusor underactivity; ECD, 99mTc-L, L-ethylcysteinate dimer-single-photon emission computed tomography (ECD-SPECT); FS, first sensation (100 mL <N < 300 mL); HSV, herpes simplex virus; MBP, myelin basic protein; MIBG, 123I-metaiodo-benzylguanidine (MIBG) myocardial scintigraphy; N, normal; np, not performed; OCB, oligoclonal band.