Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of the respondents separated by diabetes type and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level
| Variable | Type 1 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes | ||||||||
| All | HbA1c <52 mmol/mol | HbA1c 52–69 mmol/mol | HbA1c ≥70 mmol/mol | Standardised mean difference, SMD | All | HbA1c <52 mmol/mol | HbA1c 52–69 mmol/mol | HbA1c ≥70 mmol/mol | Standardised mean difference, SMD | |
| Number (%) | 1373 | 284 (20.7%) | 781 (56.9%) | 308 (22.4%) | 1353 | 725 (53.6%) | 503 (37.2%) | 125(9.2%) | ||
| Men, n (%) | 690 (50.3) | 152 (53.5) | 391 (50.1) | 147 (47.7) | 0.077 | 822 (60.8) | 444 (61.2) | 302 (60.0) | 76 (60.8) | 0.016 |
| Age, years (SD) | 48.6 (16.4) | 46.9 (17.0) | 49.6 (16.1) | 47.8 (16.3) | 0.113 | 66.6 (9.1) | 66.5 (9.1) | 66.9 (9.0) | 65.5 (9.7) | 0.103 |
| Diabetes duration, years (IQR) | 22.0 (12.0–36.0) | 19.0 (7.0–32.0) | 23.0 (13.0–37.0) | 24.0 (13.0–37.0) | 0.150 | 8.0 (4.0–14.0) | 6.0 (3.0–11.0) | 10.0 (6.0–16.0) | 13.0 (6.0–17.0) | 0.443 |
| HbA1c mmol/mol (SD) | 62 (12.7) | 53 (12.5) | ||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 26.0 (4.2) | 25.2 (3.8) | 26.0 (4.2) | 26.7 (4.6) | 0.239 | 29.9 (5.3) | 29.3 (5.2) | 30.3 (5.4) | 32.0 (5.5) | 0.332 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg (SD) | 127.0 (14.0) | 124.8 (14.0) | 127.5 (13.8) | 127.8 (14.2) | 0.145 | 134.3 (14.3) | 134.0 (14.4) | 134.5 (13.7) | 135.1 (16.5) | 0.046 |
| Antihypertensive medication, n (%) | 589 (44.7) | 99 (36.9) | 341 (45.3) | 149 (50.2) | 0.179 | 1070 (80.1) | 572 (79.6) | 404 (81.9) | 94 (76.4) | 0.091 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L (SD) | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.8) | 0.077 | 2.5 (0.9) | 2.5 (0.9) | 2.4 (0.9) | 2.5 (1.0) | 0.026 |
| Lipid-lowering medication, n (%) | 642 (48.4) | 94 (34.6) | 378 (49.8) | 170 (57.6) | 0.315 | 900 (68.1) | 472 (66.6) | 344 (70.1) | 84 (69.4) | 0.050 |
| Micro-albuminuria, n (%) | 132 (10.3) | 12 (4.6) | 70 (9.5) | 50 (17.6) | 0.285 | 194 (18.0) | 80 (13.9) | 83 (20.1) | 31 (34.1) | 0.323 |
| Macro-albuminuria, n (%) | 31 (2.6) | 5 (2.1) | 12 (1.8) | 14 (5.2) | 0.126 | 52 (5.0) | 27 (4.8) | 20 (5.1) | 5 (6.1) | 0.037 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min (SD) | 90.0 (23.5) | 90.6 (20.7) | 89.1 (22.6) | 91.6 (27.7) | 0.071 | 82.3 (23.5) | 82.5 (22.3) | 81.9 (24.0) | 83.4 (27.9) | 0.038 |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | 875 (65.9) | 137 (50.6) | 520 (68.2) | 218 (74.1) | 0.333 | 327 (29.4) | 128 (21.7) | 153 (36.3) | 46 (47.0) | 0.366 |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 83 (6.3) | 9 (3.3) | 53 (7.0) | 21 (7.1) | 0.113 | 279 (22.4) | 136 (20.2) | 111 (24.0) | 32 (28.6) | 0.130 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 48 (3.6) | 5 (1.9) | 32 (4.2) | 11 (3.7) | 0.093 | 96 (7.8) | 48 (7.2) | 40 (8.9) | 8 (7.1) | 0.043 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 135 (10.1) | 14 (5.1) | 78 (10.2) | 43 (14.4) | 0.214 | 162 (12.9) | 79 (11.7) | 58 (12.3) | 25 (23.1) | 0.203 |
| Physical activity, daily, n (%) | 359 (27.6) | 90 (33.5) | 203 (27.2) | 66 (23.2) | 0.334 | 426 (34.9) | 251 (38.7) | 157 (33.9) | 18 (16.7) | 0.410 |
| Diabetes treatment | 0.136 | 0.813 | ||||||||
| Diet alone, n (%) | 195 (14.4) | 172 (23.7) | 19 (3.8) | 4 (3.3) | ||||||
| Oral hypoglycaemic agent alone, n (%) | 718 (53.1) | 419 (57.8) | 261 (52.0) | 38 (30.9) | ||||||
| Insulin alone, n (%) | 1335 (97.2) | 271 (95.4) | 764 (97.8) | 300 (97.4) | 130 (9.6) | 46 (6.3) | 63 (12.5) | 21 (17.1) | ||
| Insulin and oral agent, n (%) | 32 (2.3) | 9 (3.2) | 15 (1.9) | 8 (2.6) | 266 (19.7) | 76 (10.5) | 140 (27.9) | 50 (40.7) | ||
| Insulin pump users, n (%) | 356 (26.2) | 66 (23.8) | 221 (28.5) | 69 (22.5) | 0.091 | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.093 |
BMI, body mass index; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.