Table 1.
Role of PROK in cardiac and neuronal cell functions
| Role in cells | Cell type | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Cell survival | Endothelial cells | Survival, proliferation, insulin uptake[38, 39, 58, 62, 72, 123] |
| Neuronal cells | Survival of GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus, activation of progenitor cells [76], dopaminergic neurons [110]. | |
| Haematopoietic cells | Survival [46] | |
| Cardiomyocytes | Antioxidant, antiapoptotic [38, 69, 96, 123, 124] | |
| Cell motility | Angiogenesis | Akt/ERK activation, vascular structure stability [33, 37, 39, 73] |
| Neurogenesis | Migration of GnRH neurons [74] and directed chemotaxis of astrocytes via PKR1 [117] | |
| Neural crest cells | Differentiation and proliferation [86, 87] | |
| Cardiogenesis | Asymmetric division, activation of EMT, cellular communications | |
| Cell differentiation | EPDCs and tcf+fibroblast progenitors | Epigenetic control of EPDC cell fate, differentiation into endothelial and smooth muscle cells [65] |
| Hematopoetic cells | Increase in total leukocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte counts [46] | |
| Preadipocytes, adipocyte precursors | Inhibition of adipogenesis [97] | |
| EPDCs and tcf+fibroblast progenitors | Inhibition of adipogenesis, and epicardial adipose tissue development after calorie overload [124] | |
| Cell excitability | Glutamate uptake in astrocytes | Promotion of glutamate uptake by upregulating GLAST [117] |
| Pain sensitization | Pain sensitization [28] | |
| Circadian rhythm | Regulation of sleep and circadian circle [22, 31, 47, 125] | |
| GABA-induced currents in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) | Promotion of spontaneous firing rates in most the neurons from the dorsal SCN [49] |