Table 2.
Selected articles and data collected.
| Author | Year | Use case | Disease | Sensor technology | Data protection measures |
| Abbas and Michael [38] | 2020 | Contact tracing | COVID-19 | Bluetooth | Data minimization, pseudonymization |
| Abeler et al [24] | 2020 | Contact tracing | COVID-19 | Bluetooth | Pseudonymization |
| Ackley et al [39] | 2020 | Outbreak detection | ILIa | GPS, IPb address geolocation | Geospatial aggregation, pseudonymization, temporal aggregation |
| Barrat et al [40] | 2014 | Contact tracing | Generic | Bluetooth | None |
| Chan et al [41] | 2020 | Outbreak detection | COVID-19 | Manual entry | Consent, data minimization, pseudonymization |
| Farrahi et al [42] | 2014 | Contact tracing | Generic | Bluetooth, phone logs | Consent, temporal aggregation |
| Ferretti et al [43] | 2020 | Contact tracing | COVID-19 | Code scanning, GPS | Consent, transparency |
| Jeong et al [44] | 2019 | Contact tracing | Generic | Magnetometer | Geospatial aggregation |
| Kim et al [45] | 2019 | Outbreak detection | ILI | Not specified | None |
| Kim et al [46] | 2016 | Location-based risk assessment, mobility tracking | Zika | GPS | None |
| Leal Neto et al [47] | 2017 | Outbreak detection | Generic | GPS, manual entry | Data minimization |
| Leal Neto et al [48] | 2020 | Outbreak detection | Generic | Not specified | Consent |
| Lwin et al [49] | 2014 | Outbreak detection | Dengue | GPS, manual entry | None |
| Michael and Abbas [50] | 2020 | Contact tracing | COVID-19 | Bluetooth | Pseudonymization |
| Miller et al [51] | 2018 | Location-based risk assessment, outbreak detection | ILI | GPS | None |
| Navin et al [52] | 2017 | Location-based risk assessment, outbreak detection | Generic | Not specified | None |
| Nguyen et al [53] | 2017 | Contact tracing | Generic | Magnetometer | Geospatial aggregation |
| Olson et al [54] | 2017 | Outbreak detection | Gastroenteritis | Manual entry | None |
| Okumura [55] | 2019 | Contact tracing | Generic | GPS, GSMc | Data minimization |
| Prieto et al [56] | 2015 | Outbreak detection | ILI | Manual entry | None |
| Rodriguez-Valero et al [57] | 2018 | Outbreak detection | Zika | GPS | Pseudonymization |
| Sugiura et al [58] | 2010 | Outbreak detection | Generic | Manual entry | None |
| Tripathy et al [59] | 2020 | Contact tracing | COVID-19 | Bluetooth | None |
| Vazquez-Prokopec et al [60] | 2013 | Mobility tracking | Generic | GPS | None |
| Wang et al [61] | 2020 | Contact tracing | COVID-19 | GPS | None |
| Yasaka et al [20] | 2020 | Contact tracing | COVID-19 | Code scanning | Pseudonymization |
| Zhang et al [62] | 2013 | Contact tracing | Generic | Bluetooth | None |
aILI: influenza-like illness.
bIP: Internet Protocol.
cGSM: Global System for Mobile Communications.