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. 2020 Nov 5;8:583234. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583234

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Copyright © 2020 Lan, Jin, Xie, Yan, Ye, Zhao, Chen and Xie.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Rat bone marrow stem cell (rBMSC) and BMSC-exosomes adhesion rates on the acid-etched Ti and acid–alkali Ti plates. (A) SEM images: Exosomes and cells on acid–alkali Ti surfaces (scale bar: A1, 1 μm; A2, 400 nm; A3, 100 μm; and A4, 40 μm). (B) SEM images: Exosomes and cells on acid-etched Ti surfaces (scale bar: B1 1 μm; B2, 400 nm; B3, 100 μm; and B4, 40 μm). (C) The number of exosomes was counted under SEM. (D) The adherence intensities of exosomes were quantified. The protein concentration indicated the quantity of exosomes adhering to the Ti surface. (E) The number of rBMSC cells was counted under SEM. (F) The average steady-state spreading area of each rBMSC was quantified using ImageJ. The results are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean, n = 3. *p < 0.05; **p <‘0.01, ***p < 0.001. The black arrow indicates exosomes adhering to the Ti surface.