TABLE 5.
Summary of the parameters for the whole sample and by gender of the unconstrained RI-CLPM (Model 1).
| All (n = 1,400) |
Females (n = 709) |
Males (n = 691) |
||||||||||
| b | SE | β | p | b | SE | β | p | b | SE | β | p | |
| Lagged (autoregressive) effects | ||||||||||||
| Bullying T1 → bullying T2 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.39 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.28 |
| Bullying T2 → bullying T3 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.14 | <0.05 | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.26 | <0.05 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.52 |
| Substance use T1 → substance use T2 | –0.28 | 0.55 | –0.11 | 0.61 | –0.54 | 1.31 | –0.20 | 0.68 | –0.12 | 0.52 | –0.05 | 0.82 |
| Substance use T2 → substance use T3 | 0.46 | 0.07 | 0.36 | <0.001 | 0.56 | 0.10 | 0.44 | <0.001 | 0.36 | 0.09 | 0.29 | <0.001 |
| Cross-lagged effects | ||||||||||||
| Bullying T1 → substance use T2 | 0.33 | 0.14 | 0.18 | <0.05 | 0.47 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| Bullying T2 → substance use T3 | –0.01 | 0.10 | –0.01 | 0.91 | –0.10 | 0.17 | –0.04 | 0.56 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.69 |
| Substance use T1 → bullying T2 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.47 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.11 | 0.48 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.48 |
| Substance use T2 → bullying T3 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.51 |
| Covariate effects | ||||||||||||
| Social desirability T1 → bullying (Kappa) | –0.18 | 0.01 | –0.60 | <0.001 | –0.13 | 0.01 | –0.79 | <0.001 | –0.22 | 0.02 | –0.58 | <0.001 |
| Social desirability T1 → substance use (Omega) | –0.21 | 0.02 | –0.37 | <0.001 | –0.17 | 0.03 | –0.34 | <0.001 | –0.24 | 0.03 | –0.38 | <0.001 |
| Random intercepts | ||||||||||||
| Bullying T1 (mu1) | 0.97 | 0.05 | 2.12 | <0.001 | 0.71 | 0.06 | 1.93 | <0.001 | 1.18 | 0.08 | 2.25 | <0.001 |
| Bullying T2 (mu2) | 0.95 | 0.05 | 1.94 | <0.001 | 0.68 | 0.06 | 1.73 | <0.001 | 1.15 | 0.09 | 2.06 | <0.001 |
| Bullying T3 (mu3) | 0.93 | 0.05 | 1.77 | <0.001 | 0.66 | 0.06 | 1.63 | <0.001 | 1.15 | 0.09 | 1.84 | <0.001 |
| Substance use T1 (phi1) | 1.93 | 0.09 | 3.68 | <0.001 | 1.77 | 0.11 | 3.78 | <0.001 | 2.05 | 0.13 | 3.59 | <0.001 |
| Substance use T2 (phi2) | 2.19 | 0.09 | 2.58 | <0.001 | 1.98 | 0.11 | 2.49 | <0.001 | 2.35 | 0.13 | 2.63 | <0.001 |
| Substance use T3 (phi3) | 2.42 | 0.09 | 2.37 | <0.001 | 2.22 | 0.11 | 2.29 | <0.001 | 2.59 | 0.13 | 2.42 | <0.001 |
| Covariances—between-person effects | ||||||||||||
| Bullying (Kappa)—substance use (Omega) | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.42 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.47 | <0.05 |
| Bullying T1—substance use T1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.33 | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.61 |
| Bullying T2—substance use T2 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.42 | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.45 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.40 | <0.001 |
| Bullying T3—substance use T3 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.28 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.17 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.37 | <0.001 |
Results based on n = 1,400 of 1,495 (95 cases excluded due to incomplete patterns). Standardized coefficients and standardized confidence intervals are shown. In bold are shown the significant paths.