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. 2020 Nov 18;10:20093. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72218-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Level of the hierarchical structure of the starch granule through experimental data. Starch constituents (a) amylopectin and (b) amylose (drawn with ChemDraw).(c) X-ray fiber diffraction pattern indicative of a double-helical structure⁵³ (d); Transmission Electron micrograph of crystalline platelets obtained from acid hydrolysis of starch²² (e); Transmission Electron microscopy of granule fragments (f); in situ AFM image technique of granular starches when exposed to iodine vapour under humid environments showing «blocklets» with a size of 10–500 nm in diameter⁴² (g); alternation of amorphous and semi-crystalline «growth rings» with a thickness of 100–400 nm)⁵⁴ (h); extending from the hilum, Maltese cross observed under polarised light for starch granule having sizes ranging from 1 to 100 µm in diameter⁵⁵.