Table 1.
Summary of studies included in review.
| Psychosocial consequences | ID | References | Sample size | Age (Y) | Study type | Statistics | d | Sig | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual dysfunction | 1 | (24) | 120 | 24–38 | Descriptive | T | 0.27 | 0.00 | |
| 2 | (25) | 250 | NA | Cross-sectional | T | 2.16 | 0.00 | ||
| 3 | (26) | 296 | 17–50 | Cross-sectional | M-SD | 0.44 | 0.00 | ||
| 4 | (27) | 220 | NA | Cross-sectional | M-SD | 0.00 | 0.98 | ||
| 5 | (28) | 32 | NA | Field trial | M-SD | 0.45 | 0.00 | ||
| 6 | (29) | 100 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.52 | 0.01 | ||
| 7 | (30) | 200 | 20–45 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.16 | 0.40 | ||
| 8 | (31) | 604 | 18–42 | Cross-sectional | M-SD | 0.45 | 0.00 | ||
| 9 | (32) | 200 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.98 | 0.00 | ||
| T | 0.44 | 0.00 | |||||||
| T | 0.53 | 0.00 | |||||||
| T | 0.02 | 0.88 | |||||||
| 10 | (33) | 200 | 22–45 | Descriptive | T | 0.08 | 0.23 | ||
| 11 | (34) | 600 | 18–45 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.10 | 0.37 | ||
| 12 | (35) | 90 | 21–48 | Descriptive | T | 0.62 | 0.00 | ||
| 13 | (36) | 600 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.06 | 0.59 | ||
| 14 | (37) | 180 | 18–40 | Descriptive | T | 0.97 | 0.00 | ||
| 14 appropriate article for meta-analysis | M = 0.55 | ||||||||
| Depression | 1 | (11) | 22 | 23–37 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 0.03 | 0.92 | |
| 2 | (38) | 200 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.85 | 0.00 | ||
| 3 | (39) | 30 | 20–40 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 0.20 | 0.53 | ||
| 4 | (40) | 45 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.89 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 0.52 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 5 | (41) | 43 | 18–40 | Descriptive | M-SD | 1.74 | 0.00 | ||
| 6 | (42) | 70 | NA | Prospective | M-SD | 0.13 | 0.41 | ||
| 7 | (43) | 30 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.57 | 0.00 | ||
| 8 | (44) | 30 | 19–42 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.69 | 0.00 | ||
| 9 | (45) | 30 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 0.90 | 0.00 | ||
| 10 | (46) | 80 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.22 | 0.00 | ||
| 11 | (47) | 40 | NA | Semi-Experimental | T | 1.23 | 0.00 | ||
| 12 | (48) | 30 | 21–37 | RTC | M-SD | 0.56 | 0.13 | ||
| M-SD | 0.51 | 0.16 | |||||||
| 13 | (49) | 61 | 20–40 | RTC | T | 3.97 | 0.00 | ||
| 14 | (50) | 23-42 | 70 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.50 | 0.00 | ||
| 15 | (51) | 90 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.90 | 0.00 | ||
| 16 | (52) | 40 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 3.62 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 3.15 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 17 | (53) | 294 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.41 | 0.00 | ||
| 18 | (54) | 31 | 20–35 | RTC | M-SD | 1.45 | 0.00 | ||
| 19 | (55) | 40 | 24–40 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 3.53 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 5.75 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 20 | (56) | 40 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 2.05 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 2.42 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 21 | (57) | 89 | NA | RTC | M-SD | 1.75 | 0.00 | ||
| 22 | (36) | 600 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.42 | 0.00 | ||
| 23 | (58) | 174 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.73 | 0.00 | ||
| 24 | (59) | 300 | 17–45 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.60 | 0.00 | ||
| 24 appropriate article for meta-analysis | M = 1.80 | ||||||||
| Marital satisfaction | 1 | (60) | 282 | NA | Descriptive | R | 0.40 | 0.00 | |
| R | 0.87 | 0.00 | |||||||
| R | 0.62 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 2 | (61) | 90 | 25–44 | Descriptive | R | 1.85 | 0.00 | ||
| 3 | (62) | 24 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.84 | 0.00 | ||
| 4 | (63) | 40 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 3.29 | 0.00 | ||
| 5 | (64) | 139 | 20–50 | Descriptive | M-SD | 1.54 | 0.00 | ||
| 6 | (65) | 32 | 25–40 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.32 | 0.00 | ||
| 7 | (66) | 36 | NA | RTC | T | 0.70 | 0.05 | ||
| 8 | (67) | 40 | 22–47 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 2.35 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 1.88 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 9 | (68) | 30 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.21 | 0.00 | ||
| 10 | (69) | 72 | NA | RTC | M-SD | 1.94 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 2.39 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 11 | (70) | 64 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 0.93 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 1.73 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 12 | (71) | 20 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 0.34 | 0.43 | ||
| 13 | (72) | 220 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.47 | 0.00 | ||
| T | 0.61 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 14 | (73) | 100 | 18-43 | Descriptive | R | 0.79 | 0.00 | ||
| R | 0.22 | 0.1. | |||||||
| 15 | (74) | 100 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.92 | 0.00 | ||
| T | 0.90 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 16 | (75) • | 40 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 14.0 | 0.00 | ||
| 17 | (76) | 220 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.06 | 0.64 | ||
| 18 | (22) | 520 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.22 | 0.07 | ||
| M-SD | 0.23 | 0.05 | |||||||
| M-SD | 0.39 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 19 | (46) | 80 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.08 | 0.54 | ||
| 20 | (77) | 30 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 0.63 | 0.08 | ||
| 21 | (78) | 24 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 3.48 | 0.00 | ||
| 22 | (79) | 186 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 1.10 | 0.00 | ||
| 23 | (80) | 80 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.27 | 0.01 | ||
| 24 | (78) | 130 | 18–37 | Descriptive | T | 0.36 | 0.04 | ||
| 25 | (81) | 130 | 20–40 | Descriptive | R | 0.74 | 0.00 | ||
| 26 | (82) | 100 | NA | RTC | M-SD | 0.49 | 0.00 | ||
| 27 | (83) | 24 | 25–35 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 0.73 | 0.08 | ||
| M-SD | 0.83 | 0.04 | |||||||
| 28 | (84) | 440 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.35 | 0.01 | ||
| 29 | (85) | 60 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 0.71 | 0.05 | ||
| 30 | (86) | 198 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.14 | 0.50 | ||
| 30 appropriate article for meta-analysis | M = 1.37 | ||||||||
| Anxiety | 1 | (40) | 45 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 3.77 | 0.00 | |
| 2 | (87) | 30 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.62 | 0.00 | ||
| 3 | (20) | 30 | 25–40 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.39 | 0.00 | ||
| 4 | (41) | 43 | 18–40 | Descriptive | M-SD | 2.04 | 0.00 | ||
| 5 | (64) | 139 | 20–50 | Descriptive | M-SD | 1.54 | 0.00 | ||
| 6 | (88) | 30 | 20–35 | Descriptive | T | 0.80 | 0.00 | ||
| 7 | (89) | 108 | 18–40 | RTC | M-SD | 0.57 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 0.47 | 0.01 | |||||||
| 8 | (43) | 30 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.92 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 1.99 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 9 | (42) | 70 | NA | Prospective | M-SD | 0.02 | 0.97 | ||
| 10 | (90) | 50 | 20–45 | RTC | M-SD | 0.97 | 0.00 | ||
| 11 | (91) | 100 | 25–35 | RTC | T | 0.26 | 0.18 | ||
| 12 | (46) | 80 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.20 | 0.01 | ||
| 13 | (49) | 61 | 20–40 | RTC | T | 2.37 | 0.00 | ||
| T | 2.76 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 14 | (50) | 23–42 | 70 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.95 | 0.00 | ||
| 15 | (92) | 65 | 20–49 | Semi-Experimental | T | 0.37 | 0.00 | ||
| 16 | (54) | 31 | 20–35 | RTC | M-SD | 2.37 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 2.76 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 17 | (93) | 24 | NA | RTC | M-SD | 2.04 | 0.00 | ||
| 18 | (94) | 22 | 22–37 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 2.69 | 0.00 | ||
| 19 | (95) | 130 | 18–37 | Descriptive | T | 0.83 | 0.00 | ||
| 20 | (55) | 40 | 24–40 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.48 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 2.72 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 21 | (96) | 60 | 20–45 | RTC | T | 0.59 | 0.02 | ||
| 22 | (97) | 76 | 18–35 | Semi-Experimental | T | 0.09 | 0.70 | ||
| 23 | (98) | 30 | 20–40 | RTC | M-SD | 2.92 | 0.00 | ||
| 24 | (57) | 89 | NA | RTC | M-SD | 0.72 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 1.93 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 25 | (59) | 300 | 17–45 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.13 | 0.23 | ||
| 26 | (99) | 60 | NA | Semi-Experimental | T | 0.84 | 0.00 | ||
| 27 | (100) | 80 | 20–44 | Descriptive | T | 1.52 | 0.00 | ||
| 28 | (101) | 110 | 20–40 | RTC | M-SD | 1.31 | 0.00 | ||
| 28 appropriate article for meta-analysis | M = 1.72 | ||||||||
| Physical complaints | 1 | (41) | 43 | 18–40 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.49 | 0.02 | |
| 2 | (42) | 70 | NA | Prospective | M-SD | 0.00 | 0.01 | ||
| 3 | (50) | 23-42 | 70 | Descriptive | M-SD | 3.05 | 0.00 | ||
| 4 | (95) | 130 | 18–37 | Descriptive | T | 0.34 | 0.05 | ||
| 5 | (18) | 150 | 17–45 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.00 | 0.94 | ||
| 6 | (102) | 240 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.95 | 0.00 | ||
| 7 | (59) | 300 | 17–45 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.01 | 0.89 | ||
| 8 | (103) | 100 | 25–45 | Descriptive | T | 0.39 | 0.00 | ||
| 8 appropriate article for meta-analysis | M = 0.65 | ||||||||
| Social support | 1 | (62) | 24 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.68 | 0.00 | |
| 2 | (65) • | 32 | 25–40 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 8.08 | 0.00 | ||
| 3 | (42) | 70 | NA | Prospective | M-SD | 0.02 | 0.92 | ||
| 4 | (104) | 90 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.55 | 0.03 | ||
| 5 | (105) | 80 | 24–45 | Semi-Experimental | T | 0.51 | 0.02 | ||
| 6 | (106) | 40 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.56 | 0.07 | ||
| 7 | (72) | 220 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.04 | 0.72 | ||
| 8 | (107) | 200 | 19–59 | Descriptive | R | 0.98 | 0.00 | ||
| 9 | (77) | 30 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 0.63 | 0.08 | ||
| 10 | (50) | 23-42 | 70 | Descriptive | M-SD | 3.05 | 0.00 | ||
| 11 | (95) | 130 | 18–37 | Descriptive | T | 0.30 | 0.08 | ||
| 12 | (53) | 294 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.85 | 0.00 | ||
| 13 | (108) | 280 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.98 | 0.00 | ||
| 14 | (109) | 150 | NA | Descriptive | R | 0.02 | 0.90 | ||
| 15 | (18) | 150 | 17–45 | Descriptive | M-SD | 3.05 | 0.00 | ||
| 16 | (102) | 240 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 1.07 | 0.00 | ||
| 17 | (85) | 60 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 0.35 | 0.35 | ||
| 18 | (103) | 100 | 25–45 | Descriptive | T | 0.77 | 0.00 | ||
| 18 appropriate article for meta-analysis | M = 0.90 | ||||||||
| Coping strategies | 1 | (110) | 400 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.81 | 0.00 | |
| 2 | (111) | 266 | Descriptive | T | 0.10 | 0.43 | |||
| 3 | (112) | 160 | 20–40 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.37 | 0.01 | ||
| 4 | (105) | 80 | 24–45 | Semi-Experimental | T | 0.18 | 0.41 | ||
| 5 | (75) | 40 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 2.81 | 0.00 | ||
| 6 | (113) | 40 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.26 | 0.00 | ||
| 7 | (114) | 200 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.30 | 0.13 | ||
| M-SD | 0.10 | 0.60 | |||||||
| 7 appropriate article for meta-analysis | M = 0.84 | ||||||||
| Adjustment | 1 | (68) | 30 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.21 | 0.00 | |
| 2 | (70) | 64 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.35 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 2.07 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 3 | (115) | 92 | 20–35 | RTC | M-SD | 2.73 | 0.00 | ||
| 4 | (78) | 24 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 3.48 | 0.00 | ||
| 4 appropriate article for meta-analysis | M = 2.71 | ||||||||
| Violence | 1 | (38) | 200 | NA | Descriptive | T | 2.27 | 0.00 | |
| 2 | (116) | 32 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 2.74 | 0.00 | ||
| 3 | (32) | 200 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.98 | 0.00 | ||
| T | 0.43 | 0.00 | |||||||
| T | 0.53 | 0.00 | |||||||
| T | 0.02 | 0.98 | |||||||
| 4 | (117) | 200 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.86 | 0.00 | ||
| T | 0.48 | 0.00 | |||||||
| T | 0.53 | 0.00 | |||||||
| T | 0.01 | 0.92 | |||||||
| 5 | (18) | 150 | 17–45 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.15 | 0.19 | ||
| 6 | (102) | 240 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.96 | 0.00 | ||
| 7 | (59) | 300 | 17–45 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.16 | 0.14 | ||
| 8 | (103) | 100 | 25–45 | Descriptive | T | 0.41 | 0.00 | ||
| 8 appropriate article for meta-analysis | M = 1.31 | ||||||||
| Quality of life | 1 | (118) | 60 | 20–40 | RTC | M-SD | 2.51 | 0.00 | |
| 2 | (119) | 11 | 18–23 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.83 | 0.00 | ||
| 3 | (66) | 36 | NA | RTC | T | 0.69 | 0.05 | ||
| 4 | (120) | 200 | 15–49 | Descriptive | T | 0.45 | 0.00 | ||
| 5 | (121) | 190 | 20–45 | Descriptive | R | 1.55 | 0.00 | ||
| 6 | (122) | 450 | 15–49 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.32 | 0.00 | ||
| 7 | (21) | 276 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.04 | 0.69 | ||
| 8 | (123) | 190 | 20–45 | Descriptive | R | 0.5 | 0.00 | ||
| 9 | (124) | 29 | NA | RTC | M-SD | 1.71 | 0.00 | ||
| 10 | (125) | 45 | NA | RTC | M-SD | 1.59 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 1.48 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 11 | (51) | 90 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 1.91 | 0.00 | ||
| 12 | (79) | 186 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.30 | 0.00 | ||
| 13 | (126) | 40 | 25–45 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 0.40 | 0.20 | ||
| M-SD | 2.84 | 0.00 | |||||||
| M-SD | 0.92 | 0.00 | |||||||
| M-SD | 0.70 | 0.03 | |||||||
| M-SD | 1.19 | 0.00 | |||||||
| M-SD | 1.14 | 0.00 | |||||||
| M-SD | 1.44 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 14 | (33) | 200 | 22–45 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.03 | 0.79 | ||
| 15 | (127) | 24 | 25–35 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 2.11 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 2.65 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 16 | (23) | 120 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 2.14 | 0.00 | ||
| 17 | (128) | 79 | 20–40 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.64 | 0.00 | ||
| 17 appropriate article for meta-analysis | M = 1.83 | ||||||||
| Irrational beliefs | 1 | (22) | 260 | 18–45 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.24 | 0.05 | |
| 2 | (93) | 24 | NA | RTC | M-SD | 1.77 | 0.00 | ||
| 3 | (129) | 100 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.16 | 0.09 | ||
| 4 | (108) | 280 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.98 | 0.00 | ||
| 5 | (85) | 60 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 0.71 | 0.05 | ||
| 5 appropriate article for meta-analysis | M = 0.77 | ||||||||
| Self-efficacy | 1 | (130) | 53 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.12 | 0.53 | |
| 2 | (131) | 104 | 20–45 | RTC | T | 2.11 | 0.00 | ||
| 3 | (132) | 200 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.49 | 0.00 | |||
| 3 appropriate article for meta-analysis | M = 0.90 | ||||||||
| Personality disorders | 1 | (133) | 92 | NA | Descriptive | T | 0.10 | 0.59 | |
| 2 | (59) | 300 | 17–45 | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.28 | 0.01 | ||
| 3 | (134) | 14 | NA | Semi-Experimental | T | 3.73 | 0.00 | ||
| 3 appropriate article for meta-analysis | M = 1.37 | ||||||||
| Well-being | 1 | (135) | 45 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.49 | 0.00 | |
| M-SD | 1.54 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 2 | (63) | 40 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.50 | 0.00 | ||
| 3 | (71) | 20 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 4.06 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 4.87 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 4 | (104) | 90 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 1.25 | 0.00 | ||
| 5 | (136) | 197 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 3.58 | 0.00 | ||
| 6 | (137) | 30 | NA | Semi-Experimental | T | 1.13 | 0.00 | ||
| 7 | (138) • | 16 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 6.88 | 0.00 | ||
| 8 | (139) | 22 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 1.51 | 0.00 | ||
| 9 | (75) | 40 | NA | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 2.82 | 0.00 | ||
| 10 | (125) | 45 | NA | RTC | M-SD | 2.35 | 0.00 | ||
| M-SD | 1.82 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 11 | (140) | 24 | NA | RTC | M-SD | 2.03 | 0.00 | ||
| 12 | (80) | 80 | NA | Descriptive | M-SD | 0.77 | 0.01 | ||
| 13 | (94) | 22 | 22–37 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 3.04 | 0.00 | ||
| 14 | (54) | 31 | 20–35 | RTC | M-SD | 2.06 | 0.00 | ||
| 15 | (141) | 24 | Semi-Experimental | M-SD | 3.21 | 0.00 | |||
| M-SD | 3.83 | 0.00 | |||||||
| 15 appropriate article for meta-analysis | M = 3.10 | ||||||||
•
The research, which had distribution bias, was subsequently discarded.