Table 2.
Use of adjunct measures, organ dysfunction and major complications according to acute respiratory distress syndrome severity for patients on mechanical ventilation (invasive or non-invasive) on ICU day 1
| Parameter | No. | Alla
(n = 2233) |
Mild ARDSb
(n = 539) |
Moderate ARDSc
(n = 1154) |
Severe ARDSd
(n = 540) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ventilatory features on Day-1 | ||||||
| Plateau pressure, cmH2O | 1617 | 24 (21–27) | 24 (21–26) | 24 (21–27) | 25 (22–28) | <0.001 |
| Driving pressure, cmH2Oe | 1965 | 13 (10–17) | 12 (10–15) | 13 (10–18) | 14 (11–18) | <0.001 |
| Static compliance, mL/cmH2Of | 1531 | 33 (26–42) | 36 (29–44) | 33 (26–42) | 30 (24–37) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical power, J/ming | 1735 | 26.6 (18.7–34.9) | 24.9 (18.3–33.3) | 26.4 (18.5–34.4) | 29.1 (20.3–37.6) | 0.001 |
| Tracheotomy | 2229 | 198 (9) | 53 (10) | 107 (9) | 38 (7) | 0.207 |
| Prone position | 2223 | 1556 (70) | 308 (57) | 822 (71) | 426 (79) | <0.001 |
| Number of session | 1553 | 3 (2–6) | 3 (2–6) | 3 (2–6) | 3 (2–6) | 0.585 |
| Continuous neuromuscular blockers | 2224 | 1966 (88) | 441 (82) | 1025 (89) | 500 (93) | <0.001 |
| Nitric oxide | 2224 | 425 (19) | 74 (14) | 206 (18) | 145 (27) | <0.001 |
| Corticosteroidsh | 2224 | 888 (41) | 192 (37) | 458 (41) | 238 (46) | 0.012 |
| ECMO | 2153 | 235 (11) | 41 (8) | 111 (10) | 83 (15) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac arrest | 2227 | 133 (6) | 31 (6) | 58 (5) | 44 (8) | 0.038 |
| Thromboembolic complications | 2226 | 373 (17) | 107 (20) | 174 (15) | 92 (17) | 0.043 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 207 (9) | 59 (11) | 95 (8) | 53 (10) | 0.872 | |
| Proven distal venous thrombosis | 184 (8) | 54 (10) | 89 (8) | 41 (8) | 0.567 | |
| Renal replacement therapy | 2227 | 623 (28) | 135 (25) | 320 (28) | 168 (31) | 0.080 |
| Bacterial coinfection | 1951 | 144 (7) | 24 (5) | 84 (8) | 36 (8) | 0.062 |
| Ventilator-associated pneumonia | 2101 | 1209 (58) | 276 (54) | 628 (58) | 307 (61) | 0.084 |
Definition of abbreviations: ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Results are expressed as n (%) or median (25th–75th percentiles)
aOnly patients on invasive mechanical ventilation or non-invasive ventilation within the first 24 h in ICU
bDefined as 200 mmHg < PaO2/FIO2 ≤ 300 mmHg with PEEP ≥ 5 cm H2O or continuous positive airway pressure ≥ 5 cm H2O
cDefined as 100 mmHg < PaO2/FIO2 ≤ 200 mmHg with PEEP ≥ 5 cm H2O
dDefined as PaO2/FIO2 ≤ 100 mmHg with PEEP ≥ 5 cm H2O
eDefined as plateau pressure—PEEP; If plateau pressure was missing, peak pressure was considered instead
fDefined as tidal volume/(plateau pressure − PEEP)
gMechanical power (J/min) = 0.098 × tidal volume × respiratory rate × (peak pressure − 1/2 × driving pressure). If not specified, peak pressure was considered equal to plateau pressure
hIrrespective of the indication, the dose, and the timing