TABLE 2.

Regression results (1).

	Player nationality				Player race
Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
All-male referee team	−0.0388	−0.0327	−0.0407	0.156	−0.0149	−0.0130	−0.0186	0.177
	(0.0667)	(0.0638)	(0.0630)	(0.203)	(0.0575)	(0.0551)	(0.0549)	(0.202)
Foreign player	−0.266**	−0.181	−0.179	−0.195
	(0.129)	(0.138)	(0.143)	(0.147)
All-male referee team ×	0.0916	0.0624	0.0819	0.0979
Foreign player	(0.101)	(0.0993)	(0.0997)	(0.105)
Black player					0.0783	0.0778	0.105	0.100
					(0.177)	(0.166)	(0.171)	(0.171)
All-male referee team ×					0.0328	−0.00938	0.00665	0.0161
Black player					(0.139)	(0.137)	(0.139)	(0.138)
Player characteristics		Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes	Yes
Match characteristics			Yes	Yes			Yes	Yes
Team FE			Yes	Yes			Yes	Yes
Season FE			Yes	Yes			Yes	Yes
Referee FE				Yes				Yes
Constant	4.080***	6.070***	5.961***	5.352***	3.992***	6.067***	5.947***	5.340***
	(0.0879)	(0.287)	(0.379)	(0.662)	(0.0753)	(0.285)	(0.378)	(0.661)
Observations	47,977	47,258	47,258	47,258	47,977	47,258	47,258	47,258
R-squared	0.000	0.027	0.033	0.047	0.000	0.027	0.033	0.047

Influence of nationality and race – Dependent variable: Fouls *40/min played. (a) Robust standard errors in parentheses *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1. (b) All models are clustered at the player level.