TABLE 1.

Effects of cold season nutritional stress on rumen fermentation parameters.

Ruminal parameter	Cold season	Warm season	P
Concentration (mmol/L)
Acetate	57.59 ± 5.89	33.62 ± 1.25	<0.001
Propionate	16.54 ± 1.42	12.80 ± 0.29	<0.001
Butyrate	7.76 ± 0.35	6.72 ± 0.23	0.001
Other VFAs	3.16 ± 0.10	3.22 ± 0.04	0.240
Total VFA	85.05 ± 7.63	56.36 ± 1.35	<0.001
Proportion (%)
Acetate	56.32 ± 0.008	46.53 ± 0.013	<0.001
Propionate	19.27 ± 0.010	18.41 ± 0.006	0.127
Butyrate	17.55 ± 0.009	23.63 ± 0.020	<0.001
Other VFAs	6.86 ± 0.009	11.44 ± 0.000	<0.001
Acetate: Propionate	2.93 ± 0.107	2.53 ± 0.009	<0.001

Other VFAs: the sum of Valerate, Isobutyrate, and Isovalerate. Values are the mean ± standard deviation.