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. 2020 Nov 19;103:329–335. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.157

Table 1.

Demographic information.

Parameter Overall (n = 554) Imported cases (n = 29) Community cases (n = 100) Dormitory cases (n = 425) p-value
Age (years) 37 (±12) 39 (±15) 46 (±16) 35 (±9) <0.001
Gender (male) 477 (86.9%) 15 (53.6%) 51 (51.0%) 411 (97.6%) <0.001
Ethnicity <0.001
 Chinese 91 (16.5%) 16 (57.1%) 49 (49.0%) 26 (6.1%)
 Malay 34 (6.1%) 1 (3.6%) 20 (20.0%) 13 (3.1%)
 Indian 199 (36.0%) 1 (3.6%) 17 (17.0%) 181 (42.6%)
 Bangladeshi 175 (31.6%) 0 (0%) 1 (1.0%) 174 (40.9%)
 Others 55 (9.9%) 11 (37.9%) 13 (13.0%) 31 (7.3%)



Medical comorbidities
Prior history of hypertension 53 (12.3%) 2 (12.5%) 30 (57.7%) 21 (5.8%) <0.001
Prior history of hyperlipidaemia 34 (8.1%) 6 (33.3%) 23 (51.1%) 5 (1.4%) <0.001
Prior history of diabetes mellitus 21 (5.1%) 1 (6.3%) 15 (37.5%) 5 (1.4%) <0.001
Prior history of asthma 6 (1.5%) 1 (5.9%) 2 (5.6%) 3 (0.8%) 0.024
No previous medical conditions 367 (90.4%) 11 (68.8%) 19 (55.9%) 337 (94.7%) <0.001
Newly-diagnosed hypertension 12 (2.9%) 2 (12.5%) 1 (2.9%) 9 (2.5%) 0.068
Newly-diagnosed diabetes mellitus 8 (2.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 8 (2.2%) 0.560



Clinical profile
Asymptomatic illness 66 (11.9%) 0 (0.0%) 3 (3.0%) 63 (14.8%) 0.001
Day of illness at presentation 3.5 (±5.1) 3.8 (±2.5) 5.8 (±5.2) 2.9 (±5.0) <0.001
Length of days with fever 1.2 (±2.4) 2.0 (±2.4) 1.6 (±2.7) 1.1 (±2.3) 0.025
Admission temperature (oC) 37.7 (±3.9) 37.4 (±0.9) 37.3 (±0.7) 37.8 (±4.4) 0.480
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 130 (±17) 127 (±16) 127 (±18) 131 (±17) 0.078
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 81 (±12) 74 (±13) 74 (±12) 83 (±11) <0.001
Oxygen saturation (%) 98 (±3) 97 (±7) 97 (±4) 98 (±1) <0.001
Pulse rate (/min) 94 (±19) 89 (±15) 89 (±14) 96 (±20) 0.002
Respiratory rate (/min) 19 (±7) 19 (±2) 19 (±3) 19 (±6) 0.888



Baseline laboratory investigations
Total white cell count (×109/L) 6.5 (±2.2) 6.9 (±3.9) 6.2 (±2.7) 6.5 (±1.9) <0.001
 Absolute neutrophil count (×109/L) 4.18 (±7.9) 4.89 (±3.91) 3.90 (±2.37) 4.19 (±8.88) 0.849
 Absolute lymphocyte count (×109/L) 1.90 (±2.02) 1.33 (±0.62) 1.59 (±1.01) 2.00 (±2.22) 0.062
Haemoglobin (g/dL) 14.9 (±1.6) 14.1 (±2.1) 13.4 (±1.6) 15.2 (±1.4) 0.119
Platelet count (×109/L) 228 (±60) 204 (±48) 230 (±69) 229 (±59) 0.029
Haematocrit (%) 45 (±23) 42 (±6) 40 (±5) 47 (±6) 0.007
Sodium (mmol/L) 138 (±3) 137 (±3) 137 (±4) 138 (±2) 0.679
Creatinine (mmol/L) 79 (±30) 82 (±27) 81 (±64) 79 (±14) 0.038
Albumin (g/L) 43 (±17) 40 (±7) 39 (±4) 44 (±18) <0.001
AST (units/L) 38 (±48) 83 (±21) 32 (±19) 37 (±24) 0.001
ALT (units/L) 46 (±44) 60 (±130) 29 (±20) 48 (±38) 0.009
LDH (units/L) 436 (±423) 691 (±110) 459 (±259) 418 (±377) <0.001
C-reactive protein (mg/L) 14 (±27) 33 (±46) 24 (±37) 11 (±23) <0.001
Ferritin (ug/L) 179 (±216) 404 (±459) 234 (±392) 161 (±143) <0.001