TABLE 2.
Maternal, birth, and infant health outcome rates, by food insecurity status
| Characteristic | Total | Food secure | Marginal insecurity | Moderate or severe insecurity | P value1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal outcomes | |||||
| Admission to hospital during pregnancy, n (%) | 135 (6.8) | 109 (6.5) | 9 (8.0) | 17 (8.6) | 0.47 |
| Length of stay in hospital for childbirth episode, d, mean ± SD | 2.32 ± 1.58 | 2.31 ± 1.61 | 2.24 ± 1.01 | 2.38 ± 1.59 | 0.73 |
| Pregnancy complication: hypertension or diabetes, n (%) | 157 (7.9) | 130 (7.7) | 8 (7.1) | 19 (9.6) | 0.63 |
| Postpartum mental disorders | |||||
| 1–179 d after the index delivery, n (%) | 297 (14.9) | 234 (13.9) | 10 (8.9) | 53 (26.8) | <0.001 |
| 180–364 d after the index delivery, n (%) | 267 (13.4) | 215 (12.8) | 10 (8.9) | 42 (21.2) | 0.002 |
| 0–364 d after the index delivery, n (%) | 431 (21.7) | 345 (20.6) | 17 (15.2) | 69 (34.8) | <0.001 |
| Birth outcomes | |||||
| Newborn with clinical gestation <37 wk, n (%) | 107 (5.4) | 89 (5.3) | 6 (5.4) | 12 (6.1) | 0.91 |
| Admission to neonatal intensive care unit, n (%) | 231 (11.6) | 193 (11.5) | 10 (8.9) | 28 (14.1) | 0.36 |
| Small for gestational age, n (%) | 152 (7.6) | 131 (7.8) | 6 (5.4) | 15 (7.6) | 0.64 |
| Large for gestational age, n (%) | 245 (12.3) | 205 (12.2) | 14 (12.5) | 26 (13.1) | 0.93 |
| Congenital anomalies, n (%) | 91 (4.6) | 73 (4.4) | 9 (8.0) | 9 (4.5) | 0.20 |
| Infant outcomes | |||||
| At least 1 hospital admission in first year of life, n (%) | 166 (8.4) | 132 (7.9) | 10 (8.9) | 24 (12.1) | 0.12 |
| At least 1 emergency department visit in first year of life, n (%) | 877 (44.1) | 708 (42.2) | 59 (52.7) | 110 (55.6) | <0.001 |
Values are mean ± SD, median [IQR], or frequency (%).
1
P values were derived from the chi-square test for categorical variables and Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variable.