Table 1.

The regulatory molecules/pathways involved in MES transition of GBM

	Role in PMT	Target(s)	Impacts on GBM progression	References
Extracellular stimuli
TGF‐β	Inducer	Smad2, PDK1/c‐JUN, NF‐κB	Enhance migration, invasion, proliferation, tumor growth, and metastasis	[ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]
TNF‐α	Inducer	NF‐κB
IL‐8	Inducer	NF‐κB
Wnt	Inducer	β‐catenin
Signaling molecules
C/EBP‐β	Inducer	DNA sequence	Attenuate proliferation, migration, invasion, and mesenchymal properties	[ 34 , 35 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 142 , 143 ]
STAT3	inducer	DNA sequence
ZEB1	Inducer	DNA sequence
TWIST1	Inducer	DNA sequence
FOXD1	Inducer	DNA sequence
SNAI1	Inducer	DNA sequence
Epigenetic control
EZH2	Inducer	TGIF2	Modulate the mesenchymal properties with enhanced aggressiveness	[ 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 71 ]
MeCP2	Inducer	DNA sequence
ZBTB18	Inducer	DNA sequence
microRNAs
miR‐205	Suppressor	ZEB1	Suppress migration, invasion, stemness, and mesenchymal phenotype	[ 47 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 144 ]
miR‐590‐3p	Suppressor	ZEB1, ZEB2
miR‐504	Suppressor	FZD7
miR‐140	Suppressor	CTSB
miR‐101‐3p	Suppressor	TRIM44
miR‐517c	Suppressor	KPNA4
miR‐96	Suppressor	AEG1
miR‐211	Suppressor	HMGA2
miR‐10b	Inducer	Apaf‐1, PTEN, E‐cad	Enhance proliferation, migration, and invasion	[ 82 ]
Long noncoding RNAs
LINC00511	Inducer	YB1	Increase proliferation, invasion, migration, and MES phenotype	[ 83 , 84 , 85 ]
LINC00645	Inducer	ZEB1
TALNEC2	Inducer	miR‐21, miR‐91
LINC00599	Suppressor	MES genes	Inhibit migration, invasion, and mesenchymal transition	[ 86 ]