Table 1.
Non-MHC psoriatic arthritis genetic risk markers identified by GWASs [25]
| Chromosome Gene | Proposed function | |
|---|---|---|
| 1p31.3 | IL23R | Encodes the IL-23 receptor |
| 5q33.3 | IL12B | Encodes the p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23 |
| 5q31.1 | IL-13 | Encodes IL-13 near IL-4, IL-5, and the RAD50 complex |
| 12q13.3 | IL23A | Encodes the p19 subunit of IL-23 |
| 6q23.3 | TNFAIP3 | Encodes the A20 protein, which acts through ubiquitin, inhibiting the proinflammatory activation of TNF-α-induced NF-kB |
| 5q31.1 | TNIP1 | Encodes the ABIN-1 protein, which reduces the proinflammatory activation of TNF-α-induced NF-kB |
| 6q21 | TRAF3IP2 | Encodes a protein that disrupts IL-17 signaling and interacts with different members of the family of Rel/NF-kB transcription factors |
| 19q13.4 | KIR2DS1, KIR2DL1 | Encode receptors similar to immunoglobulins that bind to HLA-C and regulate the NK cell response |
| 4q27 | IL-2, IL-21 | Encode interleukins that participate in the proliferation of T lymphocytes, Th17 differentiation, and keratinocyte proliferation |
| 17q11.2 | NOS2 | Nitric oxide synthetase |
| 16p11.2 | FBXL19 | Ubiquitin ligase |
| 14q13.2 | PSMA6 | Proteasome subunit (regulates inflammation through NF-kB) |
| 1p13.2 | PTPN22 | Tyrosine phosphatase that participates in the signaling of T lymphocyte receptors |
| 2p16.1 | REL | Encodes an oncogene member of the Rel/NF-kB transcription factor family |
| 1p36.11 | RUNX3 | Encodes the transcription factor involved in the Th1 pathway |
| 19p13.2 | TYK2 | Encodes tyrosine kinase associated with the cytoplasmic domain of cytokine receptors |