Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population
| All (n=613) | Caucasian (n=292) | Asian (n=203) | Afro-Caribbean (n=118) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics & Risk Factors | |||||
| Age | 70 (57-82) | 75 (62-84) | 63 (53-76) | 61 (53-79) | <0.001 |
| Men | 60.0% (68) | 59.2% (17) | 62.1% (126) | 58.5% (69) | 0.761 |
| BMI | 26.4 (23.5-30.6) | 26.0 (22.7-29.7) | 26.4 (23.7-30.5) | 27.9 (24.2-32.6) | 0.036 |
| Hypertension | 47.0% (288) | 41.8% (122) | 50.2% (102) | 54.2% (64) | 0.038 |
| Type 2 DM | 32.5% (199) | 24.1% (70) | 38.4% (78) | 43.2% (51) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 38.4% (235) | 39.5% (115) | 36.5% (74) | 39.0% (46) | 0.780 |
| Current Smoker | 3.4% (21) | 4.5% (13) | 2.0% (4) | 3.4% (4) | 0.328 |
| IHD | 14.1% (86) | 15.6% (45) | 12.7% (26) | 12.7% (15) | 0.582 |
| Previous Stroke | 9.5% (58) | 9.2% (27) | 11.8% (24) | 5.9% (7) | 0.217 |
| Asthma | 11.9% (73) | 13.4% (39) | 12.3% (25) | 7.6% (9) | 0.262 |
| COPD | 11.3% (69) | 14.0% (41) | 8.9% (18) | 8.5% (10) | 0.114 |
| Medication | |||||
| ACE-i | 20.1% (123) | 19.2% (56) | 22.2% (45) | 18.6% (22) | 0.653 |
| ARB | 13.1% (80) | 12.3% (36) | 13.8% (28) | 13.6% (16) | 0.878 |
| Statin | 46.8% (286) | 46.9% (136) | 44.3% (90) | 50.8% (60) | 0.529 |
| NSAIDs | 5.2% (32) | 2.4% (7) | 7.9% (16) | 7.6% (9) | 0.011 |
| Immunossupression | 10.8% (66) | 10.3% (30) | 7.9% (16) | 16.9% (20) | 0.038 |
| Disease Presentation | |||||
| Symptom onset before admission | 6 (2-9) | 5 (2-10) | 7 (3-9) | 6 (2-10) | 0.599 |
| Symptom at onset | |||||
| Cough | 28.2% (173) | 35.3% (103) | 21.7% (44) | 22.0% (26) | <0.001 |
| Fever | 19.1% (117) | 15.4% (45) | 19.2% (39) | 28.0% (33) | |
| Both | 33.0% (202) | 27.1% (79) | 43.8% (89) | 28.8% (34) | |
| Other | 19.7% (121) | 22.3% (65) | 15.3% (31) | 21.2% (25) | |
Abbreviations: BMI: body-mass index; IHD: ischemic heart disease; DM: diabetes mellitus, ACE-I: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers, NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.