Table 1.
Summary of the bibliography used on the most controversial topics
| TOPIC | AUTHORS | STUDI TYPE | YEAR | RESULTS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amputation vs. lower limb reconstruction | Russell Esposito et al [5] | Observational retrospective (humans) | 2017 | A general similarity in key lower extremity biomechanics between amputation and reconstruction. However, reconstruction group exhibited less ankle power and range of motion while the amputee group exhibited lower knee flexor and extensor moments and power generation. |
| Akula et al [6] | Meta-analysis (humans) | 2011 | There was no statistically significant difference in terms of physical outcomes. However, reconstruction group had a better outcome with SF-36 (p = 0.008) and psychosocial SIP (P = 0.05). | |
| Mackenzie et al [7] | Observational retrospective (humans) | 2007 | Including initial hospitalization, rehospitalizations, post-acute care and prosthesis-related costs during the first two years, the difference of mean health-care costs was significant ($81.316 reconstruction vs. $91.106 amputation; P < 0.05). The projected lifetime health-care cost for the patients who had undergone amputation was three times higher than that for those treated with reconstruction ($509.275 vs. 163.282). | |
| Mackenzie et al [8] | Observational retrospective (humans) | 2005 | No significant differences between rates of return to work and self-reported disability in amputation vs. reconstruction. | |
| Microsurgical flaps | Ofer et al [2] | Observational retrospective (humans) | 2007 | Muscle free flaps were the most common option (58%) for limb salvage in electrical burn injuries. Flap survival rate was 85%. All the failed flaps were performed within 5-21 days after trauma (early reconstruction). |
| Villaverde-Doménech et al [11] | Observational retrospective (humans) | 2015 | Fasciocutaneous free flaps were the most common option (66.6%) in burn patients (this study included secondary and sequelae reconstructions and it does not differentiate between them). Flap survival rate was 80.05%. All the failed flaps in primary reconstruction were performed in early reconstruction. | |
| De Lorenzi et al [12] | Observational retrospective (humans) | 2001 | Fasciocutaneous free flaps were the most common option (67.9%), but the majority of cases were secondary reconstructions or sequelae (65%). Flap survival rate was 94%. | |
| Baumeister et al [13] | Observational retrospective (humans) | 2005 | Muscle free flaps were the most common option (42.6%) and most flaps were performed in the first six weeks after the trauma (57%). Flap survival rate was 86.6%. 80% of the failed flaps were performed in early reconstruction. | |
| Pan et al [26] | Observational retrospective (humans) | 2007 | 38 free fasciocutaneous flaps in acute burn-hand injuries. Flap survival rate was 100% and most of the flaps (60.5%) were performed in early reconstruction. | |
| Kuo [32] | Experimental (rabbits) | 1990 | Blood vessels 3 cm beyond the margin of the electrical injury are safe if they have normal elasticity of vessel wall, intact endothelium with no separation from the media and good arterial bleeding. | |
| Muscle flaps vs. fasciocutaneous flaps | Kovar et al [14] | Meta-analysis (humans) | 2020 | No statistically significant differences in osteomyelitis recurrence (P = 0.165), partial flap loss (P = 0.701) and hematomas (P = 0.235). |
| Cho et al [15] | Observational retrospective (humans) | 2018 | No significant differences in cumulative limb salvage rates in acute trauma (P = 0.56) or chronic trauma (P = 0.51). Neither in rates of flap thrombosis, flap loss, tibial nonunion and secondary flap refinement. | |
| Cherubino et al [16] | Systematic review | 2017 | Both techniques are equal in terms of efficiency. The choice should be relegated to the experienced surgeon independently from the result. | |
| Calderon et al [17] | Experimental (dogs) | 1986 | After inoculation of bacterial concentration under the flap, musculocutaneous flaps showed a rapid decrease in bacterial load. Fasciocutaneous flaps showed a slight decrease in bacterial load (P < 0.01). | |
| Gosain et al [18] | Experimental (dogs) | 1990 | Musculocutaneous flaps demonstrated significantly lower bacterial concentrations on postoperative days 1, 3 and 6 (P < 0.001). | |
| Harry et al [19] | Experimental (mice) | 2008 | Muscle flap group showed faster bridging of the fracture site by callus, with almost 50% higher bone mineral content (P < 0.001). Biomechanical investigations demonstrated a threefold stronger union in the muscle group. | |
| Harry et al [20] | Experimental (mice) | 2009 | Fasciocutaneous tissue covering of an open tibial fracture showed a higher vascular density at all times (P < 0.0001). | |
| Glass et al [21] | Experimental (mice) | 2011 | Cells isolated from muscle adjacent to the fracture clustered and expressed alkaline phosphatase (a marker of early osteogenic differentiation) and they produced bone nodules when they were cultured to day 28. None of this happened with cells isolated from fasciocutaneous tissue adjacent to the fracture. | |
| Evans et al [22] | Experimental (rabbits) | 2009 | Adenovirus vector (Ad.BMP-2) activated muscle graft and fat graft showed promise as tissue for use in endogenous facilitated bone repair, but muscle grafts showed more bone mineral formation (P < 0.05). | |
| Hamrick et al [23] | Review | 2011 | The muscle may be a source of secreted osteogenic factors (myokines) that can influence bone mass, such as interleukin 6 and leukemia inhibitory factor. | |
| Hamrick et al [24] | Experimental (mice) | 2010 | Three injections of a recombinant myostatin inhibitor increased muscle mass (P < 0.01) and bony callus tissue formation (P < 0.05). | |
| McPherron et al [25] | Experimental (mice) | 1997 | Increased skeletal muscle mass in myostatin null mice compared to wild-type (existed hyperplasia and hypertrophy). |
SF-36: Short Form-36; SIP: Sickness Impact Profile.