Table 1.
Candidate COVID‐19 Vaccines in Clinical Trial Phases*
| No | Vaccine Platform | Type of Candidate Vaccine | Developer | Current stage of clinical evaluation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Non‐Replicating Viral Vector | ChAdOx1‐S | University of Oxford/AstraZeneca | Phase 1/2; Phase 2; Phase 3 |
| 2 | Non‐Replicating Viral Vector | Adenovirus Type 5 Vector | CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology | Phase 1; Phase 2; Phase 3 |
| 3 | Non‐Replicating Viral Vector | Adeno‐based (rAd26‐S + rAd5‐S) | Gamaleya Research Institute | Phase 1; Phase 3 |
| 4 | Inactivated | Inactivated | Sinovac | Phase 1/2; Phase 3 |
| 5 | Inactivated | Inactivated | Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm | Phase 1/2; Phase 3 |
| 6 | Inactivated | Inactivated | Beijing Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm | Phase 1/2; Phase 3 |
| 7 | RNA | LNP‐encapsulated mRNA | Moderna/NIAIDRNA | Phase 1; Phase 2; Phase 3 |
| 8 | RNA | 3 LNP‐mRNAs | BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer | Phase 1/2; Phase 3 |
| 9 | Protein Subunit | Full length recombinant SARS‐CoV‐2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Matrix M | Novavax | Phase 1/2; Phase 2b |
| 10 | Protein Subunit | Adjuvanted recombinant protein (RBD‐Dimer) | Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | Phase 1; Phase 2 |
| 11 | RNA | mRNA | Curevac | Phase 1; Phase 2 |
| 12 | Inactivated | Inactivated | Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | Phase 1; Phase1/2 |
| 13 | Inactivated | Inactivated | Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan | Phase1/2 |
| 14 | DNA | DNA plasmid vaccine with electroporation | Inovio Pharmaceuticals/ International Vaccine Institute | Phase1/2 |
| 15 | DNA | DNA plasmid vaccine + Adjuvant | Osaka University/ AnGes/ Takara Bio | Phase1/2 |
| 16 | DNA | DNA plasmid vaccine | Cadila Healthcare Limited | Phase1/2 |
| 17 | DNA | DNA Vaccine (GX‐19) | Genexine Consortium | Phase1/2 |
| 18 | Inactivated | Whole‐Virion Inactivated | Bharat Biotech | Phase1/2 |
| 19 | Non‐Replicating Viral Vector | Ad26COVS1 | Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies | Phase1/2 |
| 20 | Protein Subunit | RBD‐based | Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc | Phase1/2 |
| 21 | Protein Subunit | S protein (baculovirus production) | Sanofi Pasteur/GSK | Phase1/2 |
| 22 | RNA | mRNA | Arcturus/Duke‐NUS | Phase1/2 |
| 23 | Non‐Replicating Viral Vector | Replication defective Simian Adenovirus (GRAd) encoding S | ReiThera/LEUKOCARE/Univercells | Phase 1 |
| 24 | Protein Subunit | Native like Trimeric subunit Spike Protein vaccine | Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./GSK/Dynavax | Phase 1 |
| 25 | Protein Subunit | Recombinant spike protein with Advax™ adjuvant | Vaxine Pty Ltd/Medytox | Phase 1 |
| 26 | Protein Subunit | Molecular clamp stabilised Spike protein with MF59 adjuvant | University of Queensland/CSL/Seqirus | Phase 1 |
| 27 | Protein Subunit | S‐2P protein + CpG 1018 | Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation/NIAID/Dynavax | Phase 1 |
| 28 | Protein Subunit | RBD + Adjuvant | Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, Cuba | Phase 1 |
| 29 | Protein Subunit | Peptide | FBRI SRC VB VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo | Phase 1 |
| 30 | Protein Subunit | RBD (baculovirus production expressed in Sf9 cells) | West China Hospital, Sichuan University | Phase 1 |
| 31 | Replicating Viral Vector | Measles‐vector based | Institute Pasteur/Themis/Univ. of Pittsburg CVR/Merck Sharp & Dohme | Phase 1 |
| 32 | RNA | LNP‐nCoVsaRNA | Imperial College London | Phase 1 |
| 33 | RNA | mRNA | People's Liberation Army (PLA) Academy of Military Sciences/Walvax Biotech. | Phase 1 |
| 34 | VLP | Plant‐derived VLP adjuvanted with GSK or Dynavax adjs. | Medicago Inc. | Phase 1 |
*
Modified from ( 13).