Table 4.

Effect of the Magnitude of Cytokine Production on Subsequent Incidence of Clinical Malaria: Heatmap of All Cytokines and Chemokines in Supernatants

		Month
Cytokine		2.5–24	5.5–24	10.5–24	15–24	24–36	24–48
TH1 cytokines
IL - 12	iRBC
	uRBC
IL - 2	iRBC
	uRBC
IFN-γ	iRBC
	uRBC
TH2 cytokines
IL4	iRBC
	uRBC
IL5	iRBC
	uRBC
Proinflammatory cytokines
IL - 1	iRBC			X		X	X
	uRBC			X		X	X
IL - 6	iRBC			X		X	X
	uRBC			X		X	X
TNF	iRBC			X
	uRBC			X		X	X
Proinflammatory chemokine
IL - 8	iRBC			X
	uRBC			X		X	X
Regulatory cytokine
IL - 10	iRBC					X	X
	uRBC					X	X

Statistically significant or trend differences indicating a reduction in the incidence of clinical malaria are shown in marked boxes, and nonsignificant differences are empty. Incidence rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals and p values for statistically significant or trend differences for pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines and chemokines are shown on Table 5.

Abbreviations: IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; iRBC, infected red blood cell; T_H1, T-helper 1; T_H2, T-helper 2; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; uRBC, uninfected red blood cell.