Table 2.
Subgroup analysis of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance prevalence
| Depression | Anxiety | Sleep disturbances | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male |
39%, 95% CI: 26–53% I 2 = 92% |
35%, 95% CI: 21–49% I 2 = 88% |
43%, 95% CI: 30–57% I 2 = 77% |
| Female |
50%, 95% CI: 38–62% I 2 = 89% |
49%, 95% CI: 37–62% I 2 = 84% |
52%, 95% CI: 41–64% I 2 = 66% |
|
| Country | China |
45%, 95% CI: 36–55% I 2 = 97% |
48%, 95% CI: 37–59% I 2 = 97% |
35%, 95% CI: 19–54% I 2 = 98% |
| Iran | 38%, 95% CI: 28–49% a | 29%, 95% CI: 20–40% a | – | |
| Turkey | – | – | 13%, 95% CI: 9–17% a | |
| Italy | 38%, 95% CI: 29–47% a | 33%, 95% CI: 24–42% a | 50%, 95% CI: 40–59% a | |
| Ecuador | 60%, 95% CI: 55–66% a | 63%, 95% CI: 58–68% a | – | |
| Hospitalization | Inpatients |
48%, 95% CI: 35–61% I 2 = 97% |
42%, 95% CI: 31–54% I 2 = 95% |
29%, 95% CI: 13–48% I 2 = 98% |
| Outpatients | 35%, 95% CI: 22–48% a | 33%, 95% CI: 21–46% a | – | |
| Severity | Mild |
33%, 95% CI: 26–39% I 2 = 86% |
29%, 95% CI: 23–36% I 2 = 82% |
20%, 95% CI: 2–49% I 2 = 80% |
| Moderate |
14%, 95% CI: 11–16% I 2 = 36% |
12%, 95% CI: 6–21% I 2 = 94% |
16%, 95% CI: 9–25% I 2 = 0% |
|
| Severe |
7%, 95% CI: 4–10% I 2 = 83% |
6%, 95% CI: 3–10% I 2 = 87% |
2%, 95% CI: 0–7% I 2 = 0% |
|
a
Only one study was included in this subgroup.
CI, confidence interval.