. 2020 Nov 19;19(4):662–669.

Table 3.

Muscle activation onset times for the 3 groups. All values are mean ± standard deviation.

	Neutral	Flatfoot	High-arch	P values	Effect sizes^b
	Neutral	Flatfoot	High-arch	P values	Neutral vs Flatfoot	Neutral vs High-arch	Flatfoot vs High-arch
Tibialis anterior (s) ^a	-0.16 ± 0.17	-0.16 ± 0.17	-0.18 ± 0.14	0.998	0.00	0.02	0.00
Peroneal longus (s) ^a	0.03 ± 0.08	0.08 ± 0.24	0.01 ± 0.08	0.937	0.04	0.09	0.00
Gastrocnemius medialis (s)^a	0.06 ± 0.11	0.04 ± 0.14	0.03 ± 0.11	0.973	0.00	0.06	0.04
Soleus (s)	0.10 ± 0.14	0.17 ± 0.24	0.01 ± 0.11	0.164	0.35	0.81	0.92

^a The data were not normally distributed.

^b Cohen’s d and r were calculated when the data were normally distributed and not normally distributed, respectively.