Figure 3.

Serum anti‐α‐Gal antibody response in COVID‐19 asymptomatic and symptomatic cases and healthy controls. A, The IgA, IgE, IgM and IgG anti‐α‐Gal antibody titers were determined by ELISA. Individuals were grouped as healthy controls (n = 37), asymptomatic (n = 10), hospital discharge (n = 27), hospitalized (n = 29) and ICU (n = 25). The results were compared between different groups by one‐way ANOVA test (p < .05). A Spearman rho (r _s) correlation analysis (p < .05) was conducted between anti‐α‐Gal IgA, IgE, IgM and IgG antibody titers and disease severity (1 = healthy, 2 = asymptomatic, 3 = hospital discharge, 4 = hospitalized, 5 = ICU). B, Profile of anti‐α‐Gal antibody isotype (shown as percentage of antibody titers) for each group. Reference values for serum immunoglobulin levels were included. Antibody isotypes with highest representation on each group are highlighted in red. ANOVA, analysis of variance; COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019; ELISA, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; ICU, intensive care unit; IgA, immunoglobulin A; α‐Gal, Galα1‐3Galβ1‐(3)4GlcNAc‐R