Table 1.
Describe the Characteristics of Included Studies for Outcome Variables in the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
| Author | Study setting | Objective | Target population | Study design | Sample size | Outcome N(%) | Associated factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ali et al34 | South Wollo, Amhara | To identify those factors associated with incomplete vaccination | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 480 | 37 (7.7%) | Home delivery, no history of TT vaccination, living near the health post, being young maternal, parents with no education and ANC follow-ups |
| Animaw et al35 | Arba Minch, SNNPR | To measured immunization coverage and identified the predictors | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 630 | 128 (20.3%) | Mother education, ‘perception of, mothers’ knowledge, and place of delivery |
| Aregawi et al36 | Laelay Adiabo, Tigray | To identify the determinants of defaulting from child immunization completion | 9–23 months | Case-control | 270 | – | >30 minutes to reach the vaccination site, poor participation in women’s developmental groups; no postnatal care, and poor knowledge |
| Asfaw et al37 | Sodo Zurea, SNNPR | To identify determinants of default to full completion of immunization | 12–23 months | Case-control | 344 | – | Maternal education, no postnatal care follow up, maternal knowledge, and maternal favorable attitude |
| CSA38 | Nationwide | Data on vaccination coverage | 12–23 months | Survey | 2004 | 902 (45%) | – |
| CSA17 | Nationwide | Data on vaccination coverage | 12–23 months | Survey | 1028 | 388 (37.7%) | – |
| Debie and Lakew27 | Emerging regions of Ethiopia | To identify the factors associated with the access and continuum of childhood vaccination | 12–23 months | Survey | 642 | 214 (33.4%) | Mothers’ formal education, ANC, health facility-based delivery, and rich wealth |
| Deressa et al21 | Sidama, SNNPR | To assess the vaccination status and its associated factors | 9–24 months | Cross-sectional | 107 | 3 (2.9%) | Mothers age and birth at home |
| Ebot39 | Nationwide | To assess women’s household autonomy and immunization | 12–30 months | Survey | 2941 | 1588 (61%) | Women’s socioeconomic status and household autonomy |
| Etana and Deressa40 | Ambo, Oromia | To assess complete immunization coverage and its associated factors | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 536 | 218 (40.7%) | Antenatal care follow-up, born in the health facility, mothers’ knowledge |
| G/Mariam et al41 | Bench Maji, SNNPR | To identify determinants of incomplete vaccination | 12–23 months | Case-control | 312 | – | No ANC, home delivery, having no postnatal care visit, the inconvenient appointment time |
| Girmay and Dadi42 | Sekota Zuria, Amhara | Aimed at bringing data about immunization service coverage and its associated factors | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 620 | 96 (15.5%) | Having ANC visit, higher maternal education, mothers’ good knowledge, short distance to the health facility, and born in health facility, 5 and more family size |
| Gualu and Dilie43 | Debre Markos, Amhara | To determine vaccination coverage and associated factors | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 288 | 19 (6.6%) | Male birth, wanted pregnancy, ANC follow-ups, a short distance from the vaccination site |
| Hailu et al24 | Wonago SNNPR | To evaluate immunization coverage and identify factors of incomplete vaccination | 6–36 months | Cross sectional | 1119 | 333 (29.8%) | Older mothers’ age, ANC, tetanus-toxoid vaccination, mothers knowing the age and being a female |
| Kassahun et al44 | Lay-Armachiho Amhara | To assess immunization coverage and associated factors | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 751 | 163 (21.66%) | Mothers knowledge, tetanus toxoid immunization and Urban residence |
| Kidane and Tekie45 | Tselemti, Tigray | To identify factors influencing urban and rural immunization | 12–13 months | Cross-sectional | 220 | 53 (23.9%) | Residence and mother’s education |
| Kidanne et al46 | Nationwide | To identify factors associated with the timeliness of vaccine doses | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 600 | 256 (42.7%) | Children from pastoral areas mothers/caregivers aged 30 or above |
| Kindie Yenit47 | East Gojjam, Amhara | To identify factors associated with incomplete childhood vaccinations | 12–23 months | Case-control | 308 | – | Delivered at home, no ANC visit, misperception on vaccine contraindication, and no Postnatal care visit |
| Kinfe et al63 | Nationwide | To assess individual and community level factors associated with full immunization | 12–23 months | Survey | 1929 | – | Mother’s education, husband employment, mother’s religion, ANC visit, presence of vaccination document, region |
| Lakew et al64 | Nationwide | Identify factors associated with full immunization coverage | 12–23 months | Survey | 1927 | – | Information from vaccination card, received postnatal check-up, women’s awareness, and rich wealth index |
| Legesse and Dechasa48 | Bale Zone, Oromia | To assess complete immunization coverage and its associated factors | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 591 | 128 (21.7%) | ANC follow up, being a farmer, the level having a household family income, walking time from home to health facilities, health extension workers, mothers’ knowledge |
| Mekonnen et al49 | Minjar-shenkora, Amhara | To assess the immunization coverage and its factors | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 566 | 105 (18.5%) | Being unmarried, traveling time greater than 2 hours on foot |
| Meleko et al50 | Mizan Aman, SNNPR | To assess immunization and factors associated | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 322 | 159 (49.4%) | Educational level, place of delivery, maternal health care utilization, knowledge about vaccine |
| Negero et al51 | Oromia | To assess immunization and associated factors | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 436 | 113 (26.2%) | delivered at home, illiterate mother, poor satisfaction of services, side effects, no ANC |
| Mesfin52 | Yirgalem, SNNPR | To assess incomplete vaccination and associated factors | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 473 | 96 (20.0%) | Primary caregivers knowledge, ANC attendance and place of delivery |
| Mohammed and Atomsa22 | Eastern, Oromia | To assess the immunization coverage and its determinants | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 694 | 367 (52.9%) | Unaware of the need for immunization, fear of the side reaction, time of immunization wrong perception about the time of immunization |
| Mohamud et al53 | Jigjiga, Somali | To measure the immunization coverage and associated factors | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 582 | 221 (38%) | Maternal literacy, tetanus toxoid vaccine, place of delivery and place of residence |
| Negussie et al54 | Sidama, SNNPR | To identify determinant factors of incomplete childhood immunization | 12–23 months | Case-control | 548 | – | Young mothers, a mother’s knowledge about immunization benefits, mother’s negative, perception of vaccine side effects |
| Okwaraji et al55 | Dabat, Amhara | To assess vaccine coverage and factors associated | 12–59 months | Cross-sectional | 775 | 36 (4.6%) | Travel time |
| Porth et al56 | Nationwide | To explores healthcare services utilization or receiving a vaccine | 12–23 months | Survey | 2722 | 1255 (46.1%) | Residence and possession of a vaccination card |
| Tamirat and Sisay57 | Nationwide | To assess full immunization coverage and its determinants among children | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 1909 | 744 (39%) | Rural residence, employed, female household head, wealth index [middle and richness primary school, maternal education, ANC follow-ups and delivery at health facilities |
| Tefera et al58 | Worabe, SNNPR | To assess factors associated with full immunization | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 484 | 187 (39%) | Fewer ANC visits |
| Tesfaye et al59 | East Gojam, Amhara | To assess vaccination coverage and its predicting factors | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 846 | 144 (17%) | Urban residence, having ANC visit, place of delivery, and vaccination site at health institutions |
| Tessema et al60 | Pastoral zones in Ethiopia | To assess vaccination coverage, estimate dropout rates, and identify associated factors | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 600 | 121 (21.0%) | Residence, age and education, and maternal occupation |
| Tolera61 | Addis Ababa | To determine full immunization coverage and the predictors that influence the complete | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 585 | 140 (24%) | Maternal occupation, postnatal care follow up, knowledge about the objective of vaccination and place of delivery |
| Wado et al62 | SNNPR | To examine the influences of women’s autonomy on the vaccination | 12–24 months | Cross-sectional | 889 | 464 (41%) | Women’s autonomy, mother’s education, use of ANC services, and proximity to a health facility |
| Yismaw et al26 | Gondar, Amhara | To determine incomplete vaccination and associated factors | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 301 | 73 (24.3%) | Knowledge of vaccination age of the child, time to reach a health facility |
| Workina et al33 | Jimma, Oromia | To assess reason for incomplete vaccination and associated factors | 12–23 months | Cross-sectional | 267 | 126 (45.5%) | Educational status, marital status, and monthly income |