Table 1.
Characteristics of women and their neonates by women’s hyperglycemic status during pregnancy in the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons
| Characteristic | NGT (n=2,020) | IGT (n=118) | GDM (n=107) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women’s Characteristics | |||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 27.9 (5.5) | 29.5 (5.1) | 30.5 (5.7) |
| Race, n (%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 571 (28.3) | 32 (27.1) | 25 (23.4) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 581 (28.8) | 24 (20.3) | 15 (14.0) |
| Hispanic | 572 (28.3) | 38 (32.2) | 41 (38.3) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 296 (14.7) | 24 (20.3) | 26 (24.3) |
| Married or cohabiting, n (%) | 1476 (73.7) | 99 (83.9) | 92 (86.0) |
| Education, n (%) | |||
| <High school | 225 (11.1) | 13 (11.0) | 17 (15.9) |
| High school/GED | 387 (19.2) | 16 (13.6) | 15 (14.0) |
| Some college/associate degree | 584 (28.9) | 41 (34.8) | 47 (43.9) |
| College undergraduate degree | 474 (23.5) | 35 (29.7) | 16 (15.0) |
| Postgraduate degree | 350 (17.3) | 13 (11.0) | 12 (11.2) |
| Parity, n (%) | |||
| 0 | 976 (48.3) | 46 (39.0) | 48 (44.9) |
| 1 | 676 (33.5) | 47 (39.8) | 29 (27.1) |
| 2 | 255 (12.6) | 13 (11.0) | 20 (18.7) |
| 3+ | 113 (5.6) | 12 (10.2) | 10 (9.3) |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 396 (19.6) | 33 (28.0) | 40 (37.4) |
| Pre-pregnant BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | |||
| < 25 | 1187 (58.8) | 55 (46.6) | 37 (34.6) |
| 25–29 | 526 (26.0) | 34 (28.8) | 35 (32.7) |
| ≥30 | 307 (15.2) | 29 (24.6) | 35 (32.7) |
| Neonates’ Characteristics | |||
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Male | 1038 (51.9) | 54 (45.8) | 54 (50.5) |
| Female | 963 (48.1) | 64 (54.3) | 53 (49.5) |
| Gestational age at birth, weeks (SD) | 39.3 (1.6) | 39.1 (1.5) | 38.9 (1.7) |
| Birthweight (g), mean (SD) | 3328 (501) | 3446 (493) | 3439 (566) |
| Large for gestational age, n (%) | 161 (8.1) | 17 (14.4) | 18 (17.0) |
| Small for gestational age, n (%) | 187 (9.4) | 6 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| Delivery mode, n (%) | |||
| Spontaneous vaginal delivery | 1333 (66.6) | 72 (61.0) | 60 (56.1) |
| Operative vaginal delivery | 96 (4.8) | 3 (2.5) | 6 (5.6) |
| Scheduled C-section without labor | 275 (13.7) | 19 (16.1) | 22 (20.6) |
| C-section after trial of labor | 299 (14.9) | 24 (20.3) | 19 (17.8) |
| Birth injury, n (%) | 13 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.9) |
| Admission to neonatal intensive care unit, n (%) | 204 (10.2) | 14 (11.9) | 19 (17.8) |
SD – standard deviation; GED – General Educational Development; BMI – body mass index; C-section – cesarean-section.