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. 2020 Nov 18;11:5881. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19589-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Serum levels of imidazole propionate in healthy subjects (n = 539), subjects with prediabetes (n = 654), and with type 2 diabetes (n = 765). P-values were calculated with linear regression. Data are represented as boxplots: middle line is the median, the lower and upper hinges are the first and third quartiles, the upper whisker extends from the hinge to the largest value no further than 1.5× the interquartile range (IQR) from the hinge, and the lower whisker extends from the hinge to the smallest value at most 1.5× IQR of the hinge. Gray dots are single data points. b, c. Multinomial logistic regression for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes vs. healthy controls according to imidazole propionate quartiles. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using the lowest quartile of imidazole propionate (Q1) as reference. Model 1 OR was adjusted for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and ethnicity. Model 2 OR was adjusted for model 1 plus creatinine clearance. Squares represent OR and the upper and lower whisker the 95% confidence intervals (CI), raw data are presented in Supplementary Table 1. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 d. Correlation matrix for imidazole propionate and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glycemia, insulinemia, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), updated HOMA model for beta-cell function (HOMA-B), and the triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index. Pearson partial correlation coefficients and P-values were calculated using partial correlations adjusted for Model 1: age, gender, body mass index, and ethnicity. Model 2: Model 1 plus creatinine clearance, Model 3: Model 2 plus diabetes status. False discovery rate (FDR) adjusted *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. See also Supplementary Table 2. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.